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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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六年前到过青海湖南岸,湖岸青草芊芊,野花点点。

六年前到过青海湖南岸,青草芊芊,野花点点。草叶及膝的原野上,沙参、蓼、马先蒿争艳。不远处的山脚下,紫草科小蓝花开成海,如山间涌出的清溪奔向湖面。

几年后,随着景点和民俗风情小镇的开发,青海湖南岸已经被大片油菜花田和人工花田覆盖。这是许多游客喜闻乐见的。我对此毫无兴趣,一路上昏昏欲睡。恍惚中,在路旁水坑里瞥见惊人的花事,赶忙请同伴停车。

沿着路基往回走,水坑里的景色逐渐浮现。水面上漂浮着一片明亮的花海,成千上万朵小花齐聚在一起,光彩照人。


我站在水坑边向里张望,企图更加接近这些花朵,直到水淹没鞋面。辨认出这是水毛茛 Batrachium bungei ,是毛茛科,水毛茛属植物,在西南地区常见。单朵花约一毛钱硬币大。


花瓣5枚,先端白色,基部黄色。花瓣下方,还有五枚稍小的黄色花萼。几乎每一朵花都朝向太阳。


水面之下,扇形叶片分裂成丝,也相当别致。


青海湖旁养蜂人很多,漂浮的花海上,嗡嗡声不绝于耳。豆娘将这儿当做求偶场,成双成对的飞舞。水深处,能看到很多牦牛蹄印。凹陷内,居然窝藏着许多蝌蚪。我一挪动脚步,便四散、躲入花海之下了。

在原生态的青海湖岸上,这样的小水坑和水塘还有许多。

在另一片盛开着水毛茛的水塘边,我看到了一个黑颈鹤(国家一级保护动物)家庭。

↓↓↓ 看黑颈鹤一家的短视频 ↓↓↓

两只亲鸟在水塘边踱步,不时甩着灵活的脖子清洁理羽。两只土黄色的小鹤伸长脖子、双翅后翘,迈着小碎步,在父母之间来回奔跑。水面上,雨燕时而飞掠而过,划出镰刀状的曲线,收割着猎物;草地上,鼠兔会突然从这个洞里冒出来,连滚带跑的钻到另一个洞里…… 这些充满生趣的画面,都呈现在一个不大的小水塘。

万亩花田里又有什么呢。

作者:蒋某人

图片&视频:蒋某人

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

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转载请务必保留以上声明


2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
暂无评论

近来阿芙蓉流毒天下,与断肠草无异。然其罪不在花也,列之群芳

莎士比亚《奥赛罗》第三幕,旗官伊阿古挑拨离间,暗示奥赛罗他的妻子苔丝狄蒙娜与副将凯西奥的关系不同寻常。奥赛罗听信谗言,被怀疑与妒恨迷惑心智。这时,伊阿古幸灾乐祸地说[1]

罂粟、曼陀罗,或是世上一切使人昏迷的药草,都不能使你得到昨晚你还安然享受的酣眠。 

提到罂粟,我们立刻就能想到鸦片烟和海洛因。在成为人尽皆知的毒品之前的很长一段历史中,罂粟主要用于止痛和助眠,在这方面,它与同样含有多种生物碱的曼陀罗具有相同的功效。作为著名毒品的原植物,罂粟背后有太多的故事。


一、从欧洲传入中国

早在6000年前,西部地中海地区已将罂粟作为一种油料作物来种植。这里是罂粟的原产地,当地人率先发现了罂粟在麻醉和催眠方面的功效,并将其运用于宗教仪式。罂粟的这种作用反映于古希腊神话,黑夜之神、睡眠之神、梦之神都与罂粟存在关联。例如,在罗马诗人奥维德于公元前后创作的《变形记》中,睡眠之神许普诺斯住在一个寂静幽深、光线昏暗的山谷[2]

在洞门前面,繁茂的罂粟花正在盛开;还有无数花草,到了夜晚披着露水的夜神就从草汁中提炼出睡眠,并把它的威力散布到黑夜的人间。 

英语中“催眠”(Hypnogenesis)一词的语源正是来自睡眠之神许普诺斯的名字(Hypnos)。罂粟学名 Papaver somniferum ,加种词 somniferum 的意思也是催眠。


罂粟果实

但是随后人们也发现,罂粟是一把双刃剑。公元前1世纪,古希腊的一部《药物学》记载了从罂粟果壳中获取鸦片的方法,该书特别提示说:如果过度服用这种药物,“它会给人体带来伤害(使人无精打采),会致人死亡。”[3]  

这种具有独特功效的植物从地中海地区传入阿拉伯国家,又由波斯人带到更为遥远的东方,在唐代的时候已进入中国[4]。传入中国后的很长一段时间,罂粟主要供观赏及食用,而非毒品或药品的来源。


罂粟花,图自《本草图谱》

唐代陈藏器《本草拾遗》(739)是较早记载罂粟的文献,他引用嵩阳子的话说:“罂粟花有四叶,红白色,上有浅红晕子。其囊形如髇头箭,中有细米。”[5] “罂粟”的“罂”是一种盛酒的瓦器,口小腹大,一如其圆鼓鼓的果实;果实里有籽细小如粟,其别名米囊亦取此意。五代张翊《花经》将“米囊”列入“七品三命”,这种舶来的花卉品种,其品相不俗,但在当时地位并不高。


品种多样的观赏罂粟,图自《本草图谱》

北宋以后,罂粟开始广泛栽培,并多用于庭院装饰。苏颂《本草图经》:“(罂粟)处处有之,人多莳以为饰。花有红、白二种,微腥气。” [6]明王象晋《群芳谱》:“花有大红、桃红、红紫、纯紫、纯白,一种而具数色。又有千叶、单叶,一花而具二类,艳丽可玩。”张岱《陶庵梦忆》写明末金乳生莳花弄草,门前所种“春以罂粟、虞美人为主”。到清初,陈淏子园艺著作《花镜》称罂粟花“多植数百本,则五彩杂陈,锦绣夺目。”

罂粟的嫩苗和种子可食用,这是人们种植罂粟的另一个目的。北宋初年《开宝本草》将罂粟收入“米谷”下品,别名米囊子、御米、象谷。从医书的分类以及这些名称即可看出罂粟的此种用途。


罂粟果实,图自《本草图谱》

宋代的一些诗歌多载罂粟煎汤作饮,这是一种养生疗法。苏轼《归宜兴留题竹西寺三首》其二云: 

道人劝饮鸡苏水,童子能煎莺粟汤。

暂借藤床与瓦枕,莫教辜负竹风凉。

苏辙晚年定居颍川(今河南禹州),家贫无肉,夏秋之交,蔬菜亦匮乏,当地农夫教他种植罂粟、决明两种草药,其《种药苗二首》其一写到罂粟的用处[7]

甖小如罂,粟细如粟。与麦皆种,与穄皆熟。
苗堪春菜,实比秋谷。研作牛乳,烹为佛粥。
老人气衰,饮食无几。食肉不消,食菜寡味。
柳槌石钵,煎以蜜水,便口利喉,调养肺胃。 

谢薖《煎罂粟汤二首》其一亦称赞罂粟汤的功效:

茶粒齐圜剖罂子,作汤和蜜味尤宜。

中年强饭却丹石,安用咄嗟成淖糜。

罂粟籽作汤加蜜,非寻常之饮。寇宗奭《本草衍义》载:“服石人研此水煮,加蜜作汤饮,甚宜。”《本草纲目》总结罂粟的用途说:“罂粟秋种冬生,嫩苗作蔬食甚佳。……中有白米极细,可煮粥和饭食。水研滤浆,同绿豆粉作腐食尤佳。亦可取油。”所以,明代吴幼培写《罂粟花》,不仅赞美其花朵娇艳,也夸耀其果实累累:

庭院深沉白昼长,阶前仙卉吐群芳。

含烟带雨呈娇态,傅粉凝脂逞艳妆。

种自中秋须隔岁,开于初夏伴倾阳。

更夸结子累累硕,何必污邪满稻粱。 

罂粟花,图自《本草图谱》

至于罂粟入药,明代以前的记载甚少。李时珍在《本草纲目》中说:“其壳入药甚多,而本草不载,乃知古人不用之也。”在他之前,元代医家朱震亨已认识到罂粟壳作为药物的危险性:“今人虚劳咳嗽,多用粟壳止劫;及湿热泄痢者,用之止涩。其治病之功虽急,杀人如剑,宜深戒之。” [8]

朱震亨发现罂粟壳的副作用,但他尚不知,罂粟杀人的真正原因,是其未成熟的果实中乳白色的浆液,制干后即是鸦片。

二、 鸦片的出现

罂粟早在唐代已传入我国,但鸦片的出现则要晚上数百年。[9]目前所见最早提到“鸦片”一词的是文献是明代学者徐伯龄所著《蟫精隽》。徐伯龄生活于正统至成化年间(1436—1487),该书卷十“合甫融”条载:

海外诸国并西域产有一药,名合甫融,中国又名鸦片。状若没药而深黄,柔韧若牛胶焉。味辛大热,有毒,主兴助阳事,壮精益元气,方士房中御女之术多用之。又能治远年久痢,虚损元气者往往服不三数分,多服能发人疔肿痈疽恶疮,并一应热疾。而其性酷烈甚于硫黄、丹砂,热燥猛于苏合油、附子。自仙灵脾、琐阳、阳起石、丁香、鹿茸、龙骨、兔丝而下,功皆不及也。成化癸卯,尝令中贵出海南、闽浙、川陕、近西域诸处收买之,其价与黄金等。

 

“合甫融”是阿拉伯语Afyun的音译名,又译作阿芙蓉、亚芙蓉、哈芙蓉、阿飞勇等。鸦片则源自拉丁文 Opos 或英文 Opium,又译作阿片,如今罂粟的英文名就叫做 Opium poppy。


Opium smoker

威廉·桑德斯1867

The Metropolitan Museum of Art


南洋暹罗等国曾向明朝皇室进贡鸦片,时称“乌香”。[10]大概是领略过鸦片的神奇功效,例如上文提到“壮精”“助阳”,成化癸卯(1483),朝廷派太监从东南沿海以及西北边境多方收购,其价格昂贵,堪比黄金。  [11]


粟花田

Royal project Foundation

清迈,泰国

同一时期,王玺《医林证类集要》(1482)卷2“痢门”记载了鸦片的获取方法:

阿芙蓉,天方国传,专治久痢不止,及一切冷证。打沟阴水种红鹦粟花于畦上,勿令水淹头,至七八月间,于花卸后三五日,其壳即鹦粟壳。于午后壳上用大针刺开外面青皮,里面硬皮不动,或三四处。次日早,津出,用竹刀刮,收入磁器内,阴干。每用小豆大一粒,空心温水化下,忌葱蒜浆水,如热渴,以蜜水解之。小儿黄米大一粒。

“天方国”指阿拉伯国家。作者王玺曾镇守西北边境多年,利用军务之余“外考名医师家议说”写成是书,这段关于鸦片的相关记载很可能源自阿拉伯人。值得注意的是,文中所述关于鸦片的服用方法,还不是吸食,而是以温水或蜜水吞食。 


罂粟果实的汁液

By KGM007 

由于鸦片价格高昂,一般人无法享用,在明代,鸦片的食用并不普遍。《医林证类集要》问世后100年,李时珍在《本草纲目》(1578)中依然说:“阿芙蓉前代罕闻,近方有用者,云是罂粟花之津液也。”连李时珍也只是听说,而未亲眼见过鸦片的生产过程。

而此时的鸦片仍然是作为一种药用而存在。李梃《医学入门》(1575)卷2载:罂粟壳“虽有劫病之功,然暴嗽、泻者用之,杀人如剑”,而鸦片“治同上,性急,不可多用。” [12]《本草纲目》记载鸦片疗效包括“泻痢脱肛不止,能涩丈夫精气”,“俗人房中术用之”,或与粳米饭捣作“一粒金丹,云通治百病”。 [13]


平民百姓吸食鸦片

鸦片战争博物馆,东莞

数十年后,博学多闻的谢肇淛在云南为官(1618-1621)期间发现鸦片其实有大毒,其所编撰的一部地方志《滇略》卷3载:   

哈芙蓉,夷产也,以莺粟汁和草乌成之。其精者为鸦片,价埒黄金,可疗泻痢风虫诸症,尤能坚阳不泄,房中之术多用之。然亦有大毒,滇人忿争者,往往吞之即毙。

此文提到,阿芙蓉与鸦片在纯度上有区别,吞之可丧命,但仍然没有提及鸦片使人上瘾。鸦片从药品变为毒品,并真正对中国社会造成危害,是服用方式的改变——由吞食改为吸食。[14] 

吸食鸦片前的准备工作

George Lacks

Time Inc.

三、从药品到毒品

我们熟知的抽鸦片烟,即将鸦片混入烟草一同吸食的方法,源自荷兰的殖民地印度尼西亚。1624年荷兰人占领台湾后,将其传入台湾、福建等东南沿海地区,清初已流行于江南。[15] 雍正二年(1724),参与镇压台湾朱一贵起义的一位清朝官员,在治理台湾的方略中提到鸦片烟的由来,以及致命的危害: 

鸦片烟不知始自何来,煮以铜锅,烟筒如短棍,无赖恶少,群聚夜饮,遂成风俗。饮时以蜜糖诸品及鲜果十数碟佐之,诱后来者。初赴饮,不用钱,久则不能自已,倾家赴之矣。能通宵不寐,助淫欲始以为乐,后遂不可复救。一日辍饮,则面皮顿缩,唇齿齞露,脱神欲毙,复饮乃愈。然三年之后,无不死矣。闻此为狡黠岛夷诳倾唐人财命者,愚夫不悟,传入中国已十余年,厦门多有,而台湾特甚,殊可哀也。 [16]

这段文献表明,鸦片烟最初的吸食者是“无赖恶少”,主要目的是“助淫欲始以为乐”。从这里开始,鸦片渐渐露出它作为毒品的邪恶面目——药物依赖,长期服用者一旦脱离药物,将出现一系列身体和心理不适,即上文所说的“面皮顿缩,唇齿齞露,脱神欲毙”,此类症状称为戒断综合症,这是鸦片从药品转向毒品的重要标志。

吸食鸦片的人

George Lacks

Time Inc.

清政府觉察到鸦片吸食的不良影响,于雍正七年(1729)禁止贩卖鸦片烟。[17] 但鉴于鸦片具有一定的药用价值,关于鸦片的流通则并未禁止。

等到18世纪中叶,鸦片的吸食方法逐渐从与烟草混合吸食,演变为单纯的鸦片吸食。这种吸食方法产生的吗啡含量更高,因此更为刺激,致使鸦片这一毒品向更广泛的阶层和地区蔓延,由此造成的社会问题日益凸显。乾隆三十年(1765)以前,中国每年进口鸦片不超过两百箱,随着单纯吸食法的发明和流行,鸦片的进口量在1795年前后达到每年三四千箱的水平。[18] 嘉庆四年(1799年),清廷在广州颁布法令,严禁鸦片进口,以杜绝祸根。 [19]

但对于以英国为首的西方殖民者来说,鸦片交易能够带来巨额的利润,是扭转对华贸易逆差的重要手段。在利益的驱使下,官商勾结,腐败横行,鸦片走私屡禁不止。从嘉庆五年(1800)至道光十八年(1838)的39年间,英国将42.7万余箱鸦片输入中国,国内鸦片吸食者急剧上升,“上自官府搢绅,下到工商优隶,以及妇女僧道,随在吸食。” [20] 国民身心深受荼毒,社会风气严重败坏,同时白银大量外流,朝廷逐渐认识到“鸦烟流毒,乃中国三千年未有之祸”,于1839年派林则徐前往广东虎门,开展轰轰烈烈的禁烟运动。西方殖民者为保护鸦片贸易,以此为借口发动侵华战争。中国近代史的序幕由此拉开。


虎门销烟

鸦片战争博物馆,东莞

战争结束后,鸦片不仅未能禁止,反而成为合法商品予以进口,鸦片流毒从清末延续至民国。据梁实秋《鸦片》一文介绍:“北平搢绅之家没有不备鸦片待客的,客来即延之上炕(或后炕)或短榻,相对横陈,吞烟吐雾一番。”一直到抗日战争胜利之初,吸食鸦片而倾家荡产者,与鸦片战争之前并无两样,连贫苦的底层百姓也未能幸免:

抗战胜利之初,北平烟土价格是一两土抵一两黄金。多少瘾君子不惜典当衣物、家具,拆天棚卖木料,只为了填那烟斗上的无底深渊。最后的结局是家败人亡、男盗女娼!贫苦的人民也多不能免于此厄。 [21]

新中国成立后,抽鸦片烟在短时间内得到彻底遏制,鸦片泛滥已成为教科书上的历史。经世界卫生组织批准,全世界只有中国、澳大利亚、土耳其等少数国家被允许合法种植罂粟以供医药制造。但是东南亚“金三角”(泰国、缅甸、老挝三国边境)以及贫穷的阿富汗,仍然大面积种植罂粟并主要用于生产毒品,人类与鸦片类毒品的斗争远未结束。


蝴蝶与罂粟花

文森特·梵高

Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam 

吴其濬《植物名实图考》(1848)卷27曾评价罂粟花:“近来阿芙蓉流毒天下,与断肠草无异。然其罪不在花也,列之群芳。

然而我们不可能再将罂粟作为普通的花卉来看待,也无法像古人一样将它种在院子里细细观赏,因为我国《刑法》对于非法种植罂粟是明令禁止的。如果有人说在公园里见到了罂粟,他看到的应该是虞美人。


参考文献

[1] (英)威廉·莎士比亚著,朱生豪译:《奥赛罗》,译林出版社,2018年,第62页。
[2] (罗马)奥维德著,杨周翰译:《变形记》,人民文学出版社,1984年,第154页。
[3] 转引自[英]珍妮弗·波特;赵丽洁,刘佳译:《改变世界的七种花》,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2018年,第116-117页。
[4] 有人依据陶弘景《仙方注》将罂粟的传入时间追溯至魏晋。陶弘景《仙方注》见北宋惠洪《冷斋夜话》卷1:“李太白诗曰:昔作芙蓉花,今为断肠草。以色事他人,能得几时好?陶弘景《仙方注》曰:断肠草不可食,其花美好,名芙蓉花。”因鸦片名为“阿芙蓉”,故认为此处“芙蓉花”即罂粟花。但“阿芙蓉”实为阿拉伯语Afyun之音译名,与芙蓉无关。清代屈大均《广东新语》卷27认为李白诗中断肠草为胡蔓,“花如茶花,黄而小,又名大叶茶;叶按月数多寡,一叶入口,血溃百窍,肠断而死”,此即马钱科钩吻,花冠黄色,漏斗状,全株有大毒。
[5] 转引自《本草纲目·谷部》卷23“罂子粟”。
[6] 转引自《本草纲目·谷部》卷23“罂子粟”。
[7](宋)苏辙著:《栾城集》,上海古籍出版社,2009年,下册,第1519-1520页。其序云:“予闲居颍川,家贫不能办肉。每夏秋之交,菘芥未成,则槃中索然。或教予种罂粟、决明以补其匮。寓颍川诸家多未知此,故作种药苗二诗以告之。皆四章,章八句。”
[8] 转引自《本草纲目·谷部》卷23“罂子粟”。
[9] 有学者认为鸦片在元代已传入我国,其依据是《回回药方》中载有“阿肥荣”、“阿夫荣”(Afyun音译名),但关于《回回药方》的成书年代尚无定论,包括元末、元末明初、万历四十七年(1619)、万历二十一年至四十四年(1593—1616)四种说法。见王锦,王兴伊:《<回回药方>研究进展》,《回族研究》,2013年第4期,第8页。另说忽必烈征战印度时,曾将鸦片作为战利品带回国。此种说法并无文献依据。
[10] (清)俞正燮:《癸巳类稿》卷14“鸦片烟事述”。
[11] 关于明神宗晚年曾长期服用鸦片的说法颇为流行,其依据是考古人员在定陵万历皇帝的头骨中发现吗啡。但学界并无相关考古报告,恐为谣传。见龚缨晏著:《鸦片的传播与对华鸦片贸易》,东方出版社,1999年,第80页。
[12](明)李梃著;金嫣莉等校注:《医学入门》,中国中医药出版社,1995年,第164页。
[13] 转引自《本草纲目·谷部》卷23“阿芙蓉”。
[14]王宏斌. 鸦片史事考三则[J]. 近代史研究, 1993(05):232-238.
[15] 吴志斌、王宏斌:《中国鸦片源流考》,《河南大学学报》,1995年第5期,第32页。
[16] (清)蓝鼎元:《鹿洲初集》卷2,《与吴观察论治台湾事宜书》。
[17] 该禁令规定,对于贩鸦片烟者按照“收买违禁货物例,杖一百,枷号一月;再犯,发近边充军”;对于“私开鸦片烟馆,引诱良家者”,按照“邪教惑众律,拟绞监候”;对于失职的地方官员及海关人员,均“严加议处”,惩罚不可谓不严。
[18] 王宏斌:《鸦片史事考三则》,《近代史研究》,1993年,第5期,第236页。
[19] 该法令指出:“吸食鸦片者,初只限于流氓与下流之辈,彼等常聚而吸用此项物品,及后蔓延于仕宦之家,尊长及其后辈,并波及生员以至官吏,其中多人迷惑于此,以至成瘾。……以前吸食鸦片流毒,初只限于福建与广东两省,渐而遍及全国各省,各地买卖及吸食此物者之多,甚至超过原来两省。是以外国人用此种无用之粪土,从我国取去莫大利益,但国人则盲目自投罗网,自甘毁灭,甚至死而不知悔,可悲可厌已甚。”见(美)马士著;中国海关史研究中心组译,区宗华译:《东印度公司对华贸易编年史(1635-1834年)》,第一、二卷,中山大学出版社,1991年,第654—655页。按,该法令之中文原稿本尚未发现。
[20] 道光十八年(1938),鸿胪寺卿黄爵滋上书朝廷,力陈鸦片之祸害,见《清史稿》卷190《列传》第165。
[21] 梁实秋著:《梁实秋散文集》,时代文艺出版社,2015年,第2卷,第111-115页。

作者简介:江汉汤汤,企业职员 / 中国美术馆志愿者讲解员 / 自由撰稿人,个人公众号“古典植物园”,现居北京。

图文编辑:蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
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8月,杭州的山林下开着杜若

8月,杭州的山林下开着杜若。灵隐古刹对面的飞来峰上、竹林深深的云栖幽径边、湖中孤山上的西泠印社旁,都能见到杜若。杭州植物园也种了许多。

杜若挺立的花茎能有一人高,其上白色小花层层绽放。花朵虽小,但在它偏爱的林下荫暗环境中很是显眼。


花茎下,竹叶似的叶子轮生,南方夏季的潮气沉到叶片上,显得光泽、温润。林下的杜若看起来清冷极了,与同期盛开,妖艳如血的石蒜截然不同。

如今的杜若 Pollia japonica,为鸭跖草科、杜若属植物。盛开时的杜若小花大致是个三角形,有六枚花被,六枚雄蕊,能够分辨出些鸭跖草科的家族特征。


花被白色、薄、透,谢的很快。花后,先是转变成珍珠似的幼果,再染上蓝莓似的蓝紫色。

花茎上的果实排列整齐,似豪华的灯台。与果实的圆润外表不大相符,其内的种子有棱有角。


杜若之名听起来、念起来颇有古韵。这个名字在两千多年前的楚辞中就有出现。

屈原在《九歌·湘夫人》中写道:“搴汀洲兮杜若,将以遗褋兮远者。时不可兮骤得,聊逍遥兮容与!”大意为:我在沙洲里采来杜若,想把它送给远方的恋人,只是一下子碰不到她呀…… 先不去想了罢!

又在《九歌·湘君》中写道:“采芳洲兮杜若,将以遗兮下女。”;在《九歌·山鬼》中写道:“山中人兮芳杜若,饮石泉兮荫松柏。”

之所以前文说“如今的杜若”为鸭跖草科植物,是因为杜若之名曾经属于别的植物。

可以发现,《湘夫人》、《湘君》中的杜若生长在沙洲上,是一种水边的香草。人们采来杜若,希望能赠予珍视的人。“山中人兮芳杜若”则是将人比作纯洁的杜若香草,并非说杜若长在山里。

这与如今偏爱山林环境的鸭跖草科杜若绝不相同。鸭跖草科杜若也并无特别的香气。


杜若之名的所属发生了变化,这一变化可能发生在明朝。据资料,杜若作为中药材曾在明朝的时候失传。杜若在明代以前的本草著作均有记载,但到清代则不再收录。[1] 

古诗文也反映了杜若的变化。明代以后,诸如“水阔蛟龙出,山深杜若开。”、”杜若山中佩,梅花陇畔枝。”的诗句开始多了起来。杜若离开河畔、沙洲,开始与深山联系到一起。

↑《本草图谱》中描绘的姜科“杜若”

那么,屈原时代的杜若会是哪种植物呢?

北宋博物学家沈括在他的《梦溪笔谈》中指出杜若为高良姜。而成书于1844年的《本草图谱》中,杜若词条下同时也描绘了一种姜科植物。


《本草图谱》中描绘的鸭跖草科杜若

屈原笔下的杜若会是一种“姜”吗?或许我们已经无法得知。杜若从古时岸芷汀兰的形象,转变到如今的幽林美人。觉得挺搭。

[1]王宁. 杜若的本草考证[J]. 中药材, 1995(10):529-531.


作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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垫状点地梅(Androsace tapete),是适应高山环境的佼佼者。

前段时间去了可可西里。要到达可可西里,得从青海格尔木出发,翻越昆仑山口。


昆仑山垭口海拔近4800米,七月中旬,山口的植被才初显绿色。虽然此时无风,但翻滚的阴云,散乱的经幡,以及大地上犹如被耙子耙过般的纹路,仍在替狂烈的高原山风宣誓着主权。


没有树木胆敢在此生长,没有植物敢把头冒的太高。除了风大,气温低、辐射强、土壤贫瘠等因素也制约着植物的生长。在这里,植物们需要特别的生存策略。


↑垫状点地梅

垫状点地梅(Androsace tapete),是适应高山环境的佼佼者。


若只看花,它与北京春日草坪上的点地梅极为相似——毕竟都是报春花科、点地梅属植物。其它部分差别可就大了。


↑致密的叶丛,以及填充在叶丛间的绒毛


正如其名,垫状点地梅的植株,是平摊在地表的一块垫子。垫子表面由无数致密的莲座状叶丛拼合在一起,之间还有绒毛填充,密不透风。单看外表,很难想象这是一种植物,更像海里的珊瑚和海绵。


果用手去拍一拍,垫子的触感并不柔软,而是如冻土一般的坚实。


↑垫状点地梅内部

碰巧一旁有破损的垫状点地梅,可以看到叶丛下面是往年的枯枝,紧紧填充在内。枯叶间枝条蔓延。这样的一大块垫子,原来只是一株植株。


时值花期,乌青色的叶丛转绿。接着,密密麻麻的小花竟从中爆出来,变成了一块缀花毯。同点地梅一样,垫状点地梅的花朵也会变色。初开的花朵喉部为黄色,花期末则变为红色。它的花期相对短暂,前后仅约半个月。


↑两团垫子,边缘一圈色浅的是当年新叶


与短暂花期相反的是点状点地梅缓慢的生长速度,一块垫子每年仅能扩大几个毫米。


如同垫状点地梅一样,把自己蜷缩成垫状的植物还有很多,世界范围内有数百种,如藓状雪灵芝等。这些植物被统称为垫状植物。


长成这样有很多原因。从外表上看,垫状植物低矮的身形和致密的枝叶能够有效的抗风御寒,并且能够稳固土壤。


而其内部致密堆积的枯枝败叶和外表面一起,构成了高原独特的小环境。如果用手分别去触摸垫状植物和一旁的土壤,能明显感受到温度差异——垫状植物往往是更热的。除了温度,垫状植物内部和周边的湿度、微生物系统也有别于外界。


↑垫状植物上长了一株雪兔子 

垫状植物独特构造创造的小环境,为其自身和其它物种的生存提供了更有利的条件。所以在垫状植物上面或者周边,经常能够看到其它植物茁壮生长。


因此,可以称垫状植物为高山的“生态工程师”。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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盛夏,暑假。国槐细碎的落花跌进车窗,落到窗边人的头发上;栾树青黄的小泡落在自行车道,被骑车人咔嚓碾碎;紫薇正在盛开,真像一树烟花呀。

上下班不喜欢坐地铁,一般都是坐公交。一个原因是公交基本有座,另一个原因是能看到地面上的景物。城市路边的景物称不上什么好景色。一般来说,唯有初次经过时的新鲜感能让它们成为风景。


但如果同一条路走过许多次,会发现时间和四季的魔力,时不时给熟悉、平淡、厌倦的路边景物注入新鲜感。


↑路边的国槐

盛夏,暑假。国槐细碎的落花跌进车窗,落到窗边人的头发上;栾树青黄的小泡落在自行车道,被骑车人咔嚓碾碎;紫薇正在盛开,真像一树烟花呀。


↑路边的栾树

紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica ,千屈菜科紫薇属植物。紫薇和千屈菜,都是听起来比较柔弱的名字。紫薇树的枝条确实也纤细。这些枝条成了最敏感的气流探测器,在最闷热的夏日也会不时颤动。车流一过,更是花枝乱颤。如果用手去轻抚紫薇树光滑的主干,也能让紫薇树晃动起来。


因为这一有动静就颤的特性,人们便戏称紫薇树怕痒,给它一个“痒痒树”的别名。


↑路边的紫薇


虽然看起来纤弱,但其实紫薇树的适应性、耐性很强,南北均可种植,还能在最酷热的时节盛放。《花镜》中描写到:紫薇,一名“百日红”…… 六月始花,其蕊开谢相连续,可至九月,约有百日之红。  


紫薇花色多为鲜艳的紫红、粉红色,近年来,园林里还会种植大红色的“ 火球红”和“美国红紫薇”。也有清淡的白色,称作“银薇”。

从六月到九月,紫薇圆锥花序上旧花才败,新花又开,花期不断。杨万里也作诗赞誉:“谁道花无红十日,紫薇长放半年花。”

再来看看紫薇的单花。花型特别,半球形的花萼筒上,六枚花瓣和几十枚花蕊插在上头。花瓣像蒲扇,但是扇面褶皱缩成了一团。

如上文所说,紫薇单花花期较短,但整体花期长,因此常常能看到树上繁花似锦,树下也落花满地的景象。


虽然近百日的悠长花期无比美好,但纵使天天路过,我又会看它几天、几眼呢?或许等到时间和四季将树上的花朵抖落殆尽,我才会再次像今天这样的去看它、拍它。

↑冬季的紫薇

冬季,出于养护需求,往往需要把主干以外的小枝全都剪去,紫薇树就变成了这副光杆的模样。这可不是有谁在搞破坏。经过一番修剪,紫薇才能更好的越冬,并在第二年夏天盛开。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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附上刻蓬蘽的视频教程,看完你也可以试试哦~

作者简介:草酱,职业橡皮章手作人,植物插画师,擅长植物与手作的跨界创作。

 

好久不见,这里是草酱。
七月一到,去山上少了。得空整理之前的照片,发现五月真的吃了好多蓬蘽(lěi)。

蓬蘽的果实
也画了好多蓬蘽,还把蓬蘽刻了下来。文章末有刻蓬蘽橡皮章的视频,看完你也可以试试哦~
用蓬蘽图章做的壁挂
因此,必须写篇文章,纪念那个好吃好玩的春天。

蓬蘽的花朵

时间倒回到四月,在西溪湿地,看到蓬蘽花朵初开,白而温柔,像月亮。 

我们去的那天,刚好刚好天朗气清。下午三四点,阳光像美酒般流光溢彩,带着春天特有的轻巧和虚无,一切犹如梦中。

已是盛花期,有些花瓣掉了,仅剩下一圈精致的花丝。

蓬蘽的幼果
有的结出了密实的小果子。

野豌豆的花朵 

野豌豆和野蔷薇也开着,柔嫩的色彩让人心里愉快得很。
五月初,我刚好在浙江绍兴一个村子待着。当地蓬蘽果实已经累累,长得连石头缝里都是,太多了。,吃不完的。

各种悬钩子,其中最大的那颗就是蓬蘽
蓬蘽是浙江很常见的一种野果,果实酸甜可口。在我吃过的一众悬钩子属野果中,蓬蘽的口味相当出色。当年鲁迅吃的“覆盆子”也很可能就是蓬蘽,毕竟常见嘛。
  
掌叶覆盆子
此时村子里还有另一种悬钩子也正成熟。长在半山腰,叶掌状五裂,果实和蓬蘽差不多大,但是酸涩一点,叫做掌叶覆盆子 Rubus chingii 

村民们采收的掌叶覆盆子
在当地,蓬蘽太多,大家都不稀罕。但是掌叶覆盆子是被好生“圈养”在山坡的,这是为什么呢?进了村民大嫂家,我明白了——原来这边每年都会有药材商来收购烘干的掌叶覆盆子果实,它们就是中药里常用的“覆盆子”。掌叶覆盆子的果实在青涩紧实时即采收。红了之后采收烘干,药材商就不要了,故图中左边那些,被专门挑了出来。
五月的山里还很冷,我们借着烘覆盆子的火暖手,嗑着大嫂给的瓜子,舒适惬意。

蓬蘽图章
回来后,我把画的很多蓬蘽手稿,刻成了大大小小的图章。

那个春天的图章
还有美丽的黄花酢浆草,绿绿的地衣,被小朋友叫做火车虫的马陆——我想把春天的田野留下来。

壁挂
印章刻好之后,想到家里还有之前捡的树枝,于是做个壁挂吧。

↑↑↑点这里观看刻蓬蘽的视频↑↑↑

喏,刻蓬蘽的视频在这里,感兴趣的话你也可以试试哦~

以上,夏安。

作者:草酱

图片&视频:草酱

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.zh

转载请务必保留以上声明


2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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必树吾墓上以梓,令可以为器;而抉吾眼县吴东门之上,以观越寇之入灭吴也。

《伍子胥列传》是《史记·列传》中我特别喜欢的一篇。司马迁在这篇传记中融入了不少个人情感,他写伍子胥,其实是写他自己:“向令伍子胥从奢俱死,何异蝼蚁。弃小义,雪大耻,名垂於于世……隐忍就功名,非烈丈夫孰能致此哉?”

伍子胥为吴国立下汗马功劳,最后却因太宰嚭[pǐ] 的一段谗言,被吴王夫差赐剑自刎。[1] 这与司马迁为谗臣所害是一样的,所谓“怨毒之于人甚矣!王者尚不能行之于臣下,况同列乎!”印象很深的是,在人生的最后时刻,伍子胥仰天长叹,对舍人说了一句话:  


必树吾墓上以梓,令可以为器;而抉吾眼县吴东门之上,以观越寇之入灭吴也。

 

梓树是什么树?伍子胥为何要在坟上种一棵梓树呢?“令可以为器”的“器”指的是什么?


↑落在地上的楸树花,花冠二唇形

 

1.几种梓属乔木

Catalpa ovata 是紫葳科梓属乔木。紫葳科最为人知的大概就是此科的科长——紫葳,即我们熟知的凌霄花。本科绝大多数种属都具有凌霄花一样鲜艳夺目、大而美丽的花朵。花朵为合瓣花,花冠常二唇形。

梓树所在的梓属乔木开花也是如此,二唇形花冠,上唇2裂,下唇3裂。其另一个显著特征是它的果实,线性或圆柱形,挂在枝头像长长的豇豆。


↑冬季的果实

紫葳科绝大多数属种分布于热带和亚热带,梓属乔木是少数延伸到温带地区的种类。据《中国植物志》,我国的梓属乔木连引入种共5种——梓、楸、灰楸、黄金树、藏楸,以及灰楸的变型种滇楸。该属乔木种类虽少,但用途很广。常见的是梓、楸和黄金树。既然它们花与果相似,如何区分?

梓树的花为淡黄色,花冠喉部内侧具2条黄色条纹及紫色细斑点;叶片宽大,顶端常3裂。梓树的线形蒴果,长达20至30厘米,又被称作木角豆。


↑梓树花

Catalpa bungei )和灰楸Catalpa fargesii )的花均为淡红色。二者的区别在于,灰楸叶片和花序有毛、楸则没有。北京西郊大觉寺一进门左手边靠近院墙处有几棵楸树,也极高,五一假期去正开花,是淡红色,猜是楸树,走进看树牌,果然。楸树的果实长可达55厘米,而灰楸的更长,80厘米,真是令人震惊。因此,它们也被植物爱好者们戏称为面条树。


↑五一前后盛开的楸树,花粉色

黄金树Catalpa speciosa)原产美国中部至东部,花冠的喉部与梓树一样也有2黄色条纹及紫色细斑点。其名为“黄金”,但花的颜色却洁白如雪,又名白花梓树(当然花冠内的斑纹还是有的)。其加种词speciosa意为美丽的,皱皮木瓜的加种词也是它。黄金树在北京大学静园的西北角有一棵。静园只是一方小小的草坪,但那里有不少树种,以前参加校内的物候观测活动,静园是必经之地。黄金树的“豆角”也可达55厘米。


↑白色的黄金树

梓、楸和黄金树的花色均不同,因此看花的颜色,是最简单的区分办法。此外,梓树叶片往往有两个尖角,与其它几种不同。


↑梓树叶片

据《中国植物志》,梓属乔木“生长迅速,除供庭园观赏外,木材材质优良,心材色深,灰褐色至姜黄色,重量中等,纹理通直,胀缩性小,抗腐性强,为优良家具及装饰用材。国产种可作理想的造林树种和行道树。”它们的种植历史可以追溯至先秦,那时人们已发现梓属乔木是制作各类器具的优质木材。

 

2.历史上的梓与楸

梓树在古代号称“木王”,其背后的文化意蕴也源远流长。《尚书》第13篇为《梓材》:“梓材,告康叔以为政之道,亦如梓人治材。”《周礼•考工记》中“梓人”是七种木工之一,主要制乐器。[2]刻书的雕版也以梓木为佳,故书籍印刷出版称“付梓”。北宋学者陆佃(1042—1102)专门解释名物的训诂著作《埤雅》总结∶

 

梓为百木长,故呼梓为木王。盖木莫良于梓,故《书》以“梓材”名篇,《礼》以“梓人”名匠,朝廷以“梓宫”名棺也。

 

梓树两见于《诗经》。其一《诗经·庸风·定之方中》:“椅桐梓漆,爰伐琴瑟”,以梓制琴瑟,以备礼乐。其二《诗经·小雅·小弁》:“维桑与梓,必恭敬止。”因此《毛传》中说:“父之所树,己尚不敢不恭敬。”


↑“面条树”

我的高中校园里立有一块石碑,上刻“功在桑梓,泽被后代”八字。朱熹《诗集传》在解释“桑梓”的时候说:“桑、梓二木。古者五亩之宅,树之墙下,以遗子孙给蚕食、具器用者也。”所以“桑梓”常常合称,指代故乡或父老乡亲。例如汉张衡《南都赋》:“永世克孝,怀桑梓焉;真人南巡,睹旧里焉。”唐柳宗元《闻黄鹂》:“乡禽何事亦来此,令我生心忆桑梓。”

当时我不理解“功在桑梓,泽被后代”,现在知道这句话是说,教育这件事,一方面为家乡作出贡献,一方面是造福子孙后代。


有一年冬天去沈阳参观张氏帅府,这是东北大帅张作霖(1875—1928)、少帅张学良(1901— 2001)家族的宅邸,前院种有好几株梓树,树叶落光了,但长长的“豆角”都还挂在树上。院门的一块匾额上书“桑梓功臣”。张作霖为奉系军阀首领,在位期间曾多次抵制日本人的拉拢,拒绝签订卖国条约,后被日本关东军暗杀,史称“皇姑屯事件”。张学良在父亲死后坚持“东北易帜”,服从南京国民政府,为维护祖国统一和民族团结作出了贡献。他最为人知的事迹应当是1936年同杨虎城一起发动的“西安事变”,由此促成国共二次合作,结成抗日民族统一战线。“桑梓功臣”是对他父子二人的历史评价。

梓树之外,由于外形相近、功用相同,楸树常常被认为是与梓树一类的植物。古人对梓和楸的区分也并不清楚。贾思勰《齐民要术》以有子无子作为区分标准[3],而李时珍《本草纲目》是以木材的纹理来区分它们的差别。[4]


楸树是一种具有极高经济价值的乔木。《史记·货殖列传》:“淮北、常山已南,河济之间树萩……此其人皆与千户侯等。”[5]“萩”即楸。《齐民要术》对楸树的评价很高:“十年后,一树千钱,柴在外。车、板、盘、合、乐器,所在任用。以为棺材,胜于柏松。”楸树可制棋盘,古诗中常以其代之。如唐温庭筠《谢公墅歌》:“文楸方罫花参差,心阵未成星满地。”晚唐诗人李洞《对棋》:“侧楸敲醒睡,片石夹吟诗。”

梓树、楸树在民间是以广为种植。《孟子·告知上》:“拱把之桐梓,人苟欲生之,皆知所以养之者。”意思是说,一两把粗的桐树和梓树,若要使它生长起来,都知道如何去培养,可见梓树的种植在民间甚普遍,种植技术并不难掌握。魏人杨衒之《洛阳伽蓝记》卷一记修梵寺北太傅录尚书等六宅:“皆高门华屋,斋馆敞丽,楸槐荫途,桐杨夹植,当世名为贵里。”曹植《名都篇》写贵族子弟打猎宴饮,当时洛阳城东郊道路两旁都种有楸树:“斗鸡东郊道,走马长楸间。驰骋未能半,双兔过我前。……归来宴平乐,美酒斗十千。”


↑《诗经名物图解》中的梓树

在民间,这两种乔木还被赋予精神寄托。《齐民要术》引《术》曰:“西方种楸九根,延年,百病除。”引《杂五行书》:“舍西种梓、楸各五根,令子孙孝顺,口舌消灭也。”

回到开头提出的问题,对于“必树吾墓上以梓,令可以为器”,唐代张守节解释说:“器谓棺也,以吴必亡也。”原来,梓树可做棺材,日后为吴王收尸,以此预示吴国终将灭亡。所以夫差知道后非常愤怒,“乃取子胥尸盛以鸱夷革,浮之江中。”


↑《诗经名物图解》中的楸树

 

3.梓属乔木古籍中其他称呼

先秦文献中除了梓和楸[yī]条、槄[tāo]、楰、槚[jiǎ]、榎[jiǎ]都被认为是梓属乔木。

司马迁写伍子胥时参考了前代文献。但在《左传·哀公十一年》的记载中,墓上所种之树不是梓,而是槚:

 

反役,王闻之,使赐之属镂以死。将死,曰:“树吾墓槚,槚可材也。吴其亡乎!三年,其始弱矣。盈必毁,天之道也。”

 

槚即楸。从史籍记载来看,楸树可为棺椁,而梓树多制乐器。对于《史记》易“槚”为“梓”,杨伯峻先生认为“或古今之异”。[6]通过前文的分析我们知道,先秦两汉时,古人并不能够完全区分梓属下的几种乔木,一直到晋代郭璞注《尔雅》时依然说,梓就是楸。所以,的确如杨伯峻先生所说,古人所说的“梓”不一定就是今天的梓树,有可能指的就是楸树。司马迁将“槚”改为“梓”,或许是因为“梓”更常用,名气也更大。毕竟,它在《诗经》中出现过两次,曾被人们称为“木王”。

正逢开学季,新闻报道说“梓”字连续几年成为新生名字里的常用字。其背后,正是家长给予孩子的厚望。


[1] 《史记·伍子胥列传第六》:“乃使使赐伍子胥属镂之剑,曰:‘子以此死。’伍子胥仰天叹曰:‘嗟呼!谗臣嚭为乱矣,王乃反诛我。我令若父霸。自若未立时,诸公子争立,我以死争之于先王,几不得立。若既得立,欲分吴国予我,我顾不敢望也。然今若听谀臣言以杀长者。’”

[2] 《周礼•冬官考工记》:“攻木之工:轮、舆、弓、庐、匠、车、梓。……梓人为筍虡。”郑玄注引郑司农:“此七者攻木之工,官别名也。”“筍虡”,郑玄注:“乐器所悬,横曰筍,植曰虡。”贾公彦疏:“乐器所悬于筍虡者,谓钟、磬、镈者也。”见(汉)郑玄注、(唐)贾公彦疏:《周礼注疏》,上海古籍出版社,2010年,第1640页。

[3] 《齐民要术》卷五:“然则楸、梓二木,相类得也。白色有角者名为梓。以楸有角者名为角楸,或名子楸;黄色无子者为柳楸,世人见其木黄,呼为荆黄楸也。”

[4] 《本草纲目·卷三十五·梓》:“时珍曰:梓木处处有之,有三种。木理白者为梓,赤者为楸,梓之美纹者为椅,楸之小者为榎。诸家疏注,殊欠分明。桐亦名椅,与此不同。”

[5] (汉)司马迁撰,(宋)裴骃集解,(唐)司马贞索引,(唐)张守杰正义:《史记》,中华书局,1959年,第3272页。

[6] 杨伯峻注:“槚即楸,落叶乔木,干高三丈许,木材密致,古人常以为棺椁,襄二年《传》穆姜使择美槚以自为榇,又四年《传》季孙为己树六槚俱足为证。《史记·吴世家》及《伍子胥列传》‘槚’作‘梓’,梓木质轻,自古为琴瑟良材,虽亦可供建筑及制器之用,然今江苏不产此树,或古今之异。”见《春秋左传注》,第1858-1859页。

作者简介:江汉汤汤,企业职员 / 中国美术馆志愿者讲解员 / 自由撰稿人,个人公众号“古典植物园”,现居北京。

图文编辑:蒋某人

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.zh

转载请务必保留以上声明


2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
暂无评论

经过漫长的高温天气后,杭州终于下了场豪雨。

经过漫长的高温天气后,杭州终于下了场豪雨。茶园上遮阳的黑色网布还没有撤掉,雨水将网打得低垂。起起伏伏,像是怒海的波涛。栾树花朵、香樟青果被打落了一地,也掉在树下的我的身上。我倒是带了伞,却并不想打开,今夏多难得的雨啊。


沿着树荫、淋着花和雨走着,居然发现杠板归结了果子。

今天没带相机,这是往年的图

往年我都是在十月份才看到杠板归结果的,这一株未免也太着急了些。加上大雨带来丝丝凉意,顿时有了一种秋天的感觉。


杠板归 Polygonum perfoliatum 为蓼科,萹蓄属植物。如果在野外见到杠板归果实,是可以品尝一下的。“果肉”入口清甜,有时略带酸味。可惜肉太少,只能解解馋。

之所以给“果肉”打引号,是因为这其实是杠板归的宿存花萼。看它这一瓣一瓣包裹的感觉,就能猜出大概了。而里面坚硬的黑色“果核”才是杠板归真正的果实。

杠板归的各方面都很有意思,果实是其一。它的名字也很特别。

杠板归:抬杠的杠,叫板的板,铩羽而归的归。这个名字告诉我们当杠精没有好结果。


嗯开个玩笑。板归在很多时候又被写作“扛板归”,杠通扛,关于这个名字有一个典故(有多种版本,此处选其一):

曾有人被蛇咬后奄奄一息,眼看就要完蛋了。于是同伴回村,拆了家里的门板,准备把他抬回去。但没想到他在路上突然醒来,饥不择食的吃了杠板归的果实,居然好了,甚至能自己走路了。于是他和同伴就又把门板扛了回去。扛板归由此得名。

另外就是杠板归的叶片了。它的叶片基本是个等边三角形,非常有特点。要我说,叶片长的像个三角板,说不定也是“板归”名字的由来呢。


在茎上,还生长有圆形的抱茎叶,看起来就像是被茎贯穿了。在连接三角形、圆形叶片的茎上,长有钩刺。野外的杠板归总是乱糟糟的缠绕在植物上。如果在杭州的群山里穿行时被什么藤蔓给勾住了,很可能就是杠板归。

杠板归都结果了,秋天估计也不会远了。虽然杭州的夏天极热,冬天湿冷,但春天和秋天还是很美,很值得期待的呀。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
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前几天逛植物园,看到有人围着一棵结“八角”的树议论。作为热心市民,我当然是要上前提醒的:这可不是能吃的八角。

前几天逛植物园,看到有人围着一棵结“八角茴香”的树议论。作为热心市民,我当然是要上前提醒的:“这可不是能吃的八角啊!”不过对方也是植物爱好者,知道它的底细,并不需要热心提醒。

这个“八角茴香”的真实身份是红毒茴。

↑一棵红毒茴

红毒茴 Illicium lanceolatum,属于五味子科八角属,与果实可食用的八角 llicium verum 是同属近亲。

八角结的果实就是八角茴香,大家应该都知道。孔乙己吃的茴香豆,著名的五香粉里都会加。而红毒茴,听名字就知道有毒。


↑红毒茴果实


时值果期,红毒茴树上结了许多果实。

其实不难发现两者果实的差别。红毒茴果实发育极不均匀,而且树上果实从 8~14 个角的都有。而八角茴香的果实形状就要规则多了,角也是清一色的八个,少有例外。

八角茴香,THOR拍摄 ,来自维基百科

事实上,八角属的一众植物,除了八角 llicium verum 能较安全的食用外,其它种几乎都有剧毒。误食有毒“八角茴香”,会产生头晕、呕吐等症状,更甚者引起脏器衰竭,导致死亡。

所以万万不能贪便宜,自己摘外头的“八角茴香”回家烧肉煮豆吃。

↑红毒茴的花

红毒茴在杭州植物园以及西湖边的一些老公园里作为景观植物种植,在西湖群山里也有少量野生。


从景观角度来看,红毒茴耐荫,树高适中,适合在林下种植。植株分支点低,枝繁叶茂,终年墨绿,适合做绿墙、塑造空间感。尤其是每年四五月还会开出一树秀丽精制的红色小花,《梦溪笔谈》中称其为“红桂”,是很漂亮的树种。


除观赏外,红毒茴也可做药用。传统中医药称之为“莽草”,以叶入药。[1] 而现代医学发现,可从红毒茴和八角茴香中提取莽草酸,进而制成抗禽流感药物“达菲”。[2][3]

↑野生八角属植物,摄于云南

最后,八角属在南方还有很多野生种类,基本都喜爱荫蔽的林下环境。开花都挺好看,但果实基本也都有剧毒。万万不可自己摘来吃。

参考资料

[1]《中药大辞典》

[2]王国伟. 披针叶茴香茎、叶化学成分及抗炎活性研究[D]. 第二军医大学, 2012.

[3]聂良邓. 以莽草酸为起始原料合成磷酸奥司他韦(达菲)及其类似物[D]. 华东理工大学, 2012.

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
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在西湖边遇到姜花。

在西湖边遇到姜花

“毕竟西湖六月中,风光不与四时同。接天莲叶无穷碧,映日荷花别样红。”在盛夏时节来到西湖边的人们,脑海里大概都会回响杨万里的传世诗文。

但在高温橙色预警的天气里,烈日荷花就留给游人去赏吧。树荫将世界划分成两半,浓荫之下才是我的活动范围。

西湖边的姜花,就开在茅家埠一带的湖畔林缘。(植物园也有)


我站在林下小径,闻到姜花从不远处送来的清香,立刻被它俘虏了。想要走,又被香气钩回来。那就好好把它闻个够,直到“久居兰室不闻其香”。

在我的嗅觉感受里,姜花香气有点像茶香月季和百合的混合,并且能使人头脑清醒。我非常喜爱这种香气。

说起来第一次见姜花是在台湾。某大学的一个日式庭院中,一大丛姜花正盛开。混合着潮湿空气的姜花闻起来似乎是另一种不同的感受。

在学校里还遇到一位推着自行车的卖花阿姨。车后座有一个大框,拥挤的装着石竹、月季等常见花束。而几捆姜花则占据车头框的贵宾席,不一会儿功夫就卖完了。

除了香,姜花的花也是极好看的。

花朵大而洁白,看起来有4枚花瓣,对称,形似起舞的蝴蝶。花冠后有长管,延伸到一个松塔状的花序轴里。一个花序上能同时开好几朵花。


我没有网上买花的习惯,也无缘在杭州遇到卖姜花的小贩。就只能捡一朵残花短暂收藏。


需要说明的是,此姜花的物种中文名就叫“姜花”,学名 Hedychium coronarium,属于姜科姜花属植物。绝不是“生姜开的花”或者“开花的生姜”,生姜,为植物姜 Zingiber officinale 的地下根茎。


姜花,图自维基百科

比起杭州,姜花更适应热带地区的气候,因此在广州、四川、云南等地的城绿化中更加常见,大概售卖姜花的人也会更多。希望在南方城市生活的伙伴们,也能偶遇姜花。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人(除注明外)

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2020年9月13日
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偶尔能看到农家种植菊

偶尔能看到农家种植菊芋。菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus 为菊科向日葵属植物,但不结“瓜子”,花朵也较小。它的花盘虽不如向日葵大,但个头要高得多。


时下正值菊芋盛开,植株能长到三米甚至更高。花朵开在茎的顶端,所以大多数时候人们只能仰望。天晴时,黄花配蓝天好看极了。

↑农庄里的一排菊芋

农人种植菊芋是为了挖其块茎。菊芋的块茎长得很像姜,由于其来自海外,得了洋姜、鬼子姜的别称。等到花期末尾,地上部分渐渐枯萎时就可以采收块茎了。


↑该收获了!

我还没有在菜场里见过有卖菊芋的,但在网上能买到的生的菊芋块茎,以及块茎制成的泡菜、腌菜。曾经在福建吃过菊芋腌菜,清脆爽口,味甜,口感还是不错的。


↑菊芋块茎 ① By H2ase 


另据资料,在北美洲(原产地)以及欧洲,人们也会生吃、烤着吃,就跟土豆一样。

如果不采收块茎,菊芋第二年将重新生长开花,是一种多年生宿根植物。它的耐寒性、适应性极强,在北京山区也可以安然过冬。南至广州、台湾,我也看到过有人种植。


将菊芋作为观赏植物也是不错的选择,特别适合用于营造野趣的氛围,适合低维护投入的花园。

图① By H2ase – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, //commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24805030


作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人(除注明外)

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2020年9月13日
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前几天在村里的时候,看到路旁坡道上长满了苍耳,有些长的比人还高大。

有事没事就喜欢去村里呆两天。早上起来就近去田里和山上逛逛,吃过早餐回住处也不过八九点。这样的一天既能看看花鸟,又不耽误干活。

前几天在村里的时候,看到路旁坡道上长满了苍耳,有些长的比人还高大。这个季节的苍耳还正在花期,只是在枝上冒出了一些细软的小刺,没法儿扎到动物和衣物上。

苍耳是一种菊科植物,它的花同样是菊科特色的头状花序。

枝上的一团团小刺就是是苍耳的雌花序,仔细看的话能从刺中挑出数枚不带倒钩的,那个就是雌花的柱头了。

↑苍耳的花

等到授粉完成,整个花序的“肚子”开始变大,是果实在内生长。包裹果实的小刺也就是雌花序的总苞也会开始变长变硬,雌花序逐渐变成我们熟悉的“苍耳子”。

↑苍耳的雌花序

到了冬季,苍耳子变成褐色,这时的刺将十分坚硬扎手。在农村呆过的人对苍耳子都不会陌生。狗子撒野回来总是会沾一身,小朋友们也常常拿它做恶作剧。


有些地方还会拿苍耳子做药用,炒制后服用可通鼻窍,市售治疗鼻炎的中成药中也多含苍耳子成分。[1] 但苍耳毒性亦较强,茎叶、果实均有毒,尤其是嫩苗有剧毒,切勿食用。[2]

而一旁圆乎乎的则是雄花序,搅拌器一样的雄花不断从圆球中冒出来。


↑苍耳的雄花序


雄花太小、开花期短,不容易被注意到。


↑苍耳的叶

苍耳之所以得名,大概是因为叶型。它的叶片大致是三角形,边缘有着不规则的锯齿,叶背面具绒毛。或许古人认为,这叶片像是某种动物的耳朵吧。

古人还将苍耳与诗经中提到的卷耳混淆。如徐光启的《农政全书》、李时珍的《本草纲目》,都认为苍耳便是卷耳。这一观点或对或不对,这里暂不考证。


↑苍耳的雄花序

先不说植物名流传的过程中可能出现偏差,如今我们所见到的苍耳,也已经与古人所见的不一样了。

如今在野地里所见的苍耳,大概都是西方苍耳Xanthium occidentale或北美苍耳Xanthium chinense,它们的刺密、长、坚硬,属于外来入侵物种,由于缺乏资料,我也不能确定我拍到的究竟是哪种。


↑意大利苍耳

而在北京周边的田地里,刺上还长小刺的意大利苍耳Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum遍地,形状骇人。


意大利苍耳

把硬盘里的苍耳都看了一遍,似乎没有一张是本土的苍耳Xanthium strumarium


看着照片,回想起去年在北京野鸭湖边看灰鹤的场景。我潜伏在野草堆里,慢慢靠近落在荒田中的灰鹤群。拍完照片回到路上,发现苍耳沾满了衣裳。

参考资料:

[1]崔秀荣, 马海波, 张旗, 等. 苍耳子的化学成分和临床应用研究进展[J]. 现代药物与临床, 2012, 27(6): 614-618

[2]中国药典

声明:本公众号所引用的“药用价值”内容不构成任何用药建议,如有需要,请遵医嘱。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
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南烛的另一个名字——乌饭树更广为人知,我国许多地方在立夏会吃的乌米饭(或称青精饭),就是用南烛的树叶染成


天宝三年(744),李白结束并不愉快的翰林院生活,受玄宗赐金放还,途径洛阳时,与同样不如意的杜甫相遇。杜甫为李白的豁达与天真所吸引,得知李白接下来的行程,他写下这首《赠李白》,决定与李白同游梁宋,求仙访道 [1]

 

二年客东都,所历厌机巧。 

野人对膻腥,蔬食常不饱。

岂无青精饭,使我颜色好。

苦乏大药资,山林迹如扫。

李侯金闺彦,脱身事幽讨。 

亦有梁宋游,方期拾瑶草。

 

诗中“青精饭”即如今江南地区所食乌米饭,其乌黑的颜色源于一种植物染汁,这种植物就是南烛。南烛主要分布于南方,北方的人没见过,它长什么样?青精饭的味道如何?背后又有怎样的习俗?


↑南烛,7月开花,图自treeflower.la.coocan.jp ①

 

1.南烛与青精饭

 

南烛(Vaccinium bracteatum)是杜鹃花科、越桔属常绿灌木或小乔木。据《中国植物志》,越桔属下有一些植物能结出比较大的浆果,味道不错且富含维生素C,可以制成果酱,具有较高的实用价值。我们熟知的蓝莓就是其中之一,蓝莓的本名就是笃斯越桔Vaccinium uliginosum。南烛果实熟时与蓝莓相似,同样可食,但风味自然是不如蓝莓的。

 

作为同一属下的近亲,南烛与蓝莓有相似之处,不过二者的产地却一南一北。在我国,蓝莓主要产于大兴安岭北部(黑龙江、内蒙古)、吉林长白山。从长白山旅行回来的朋友曾送我一大包蓝莓干,现在知道原来蓝莓是当地的特产。

↑南烛果,这颗比较小

 

《本草图经》载有南烛的诸多异名:“一名猴药,一名男续,一名后草,一名惟那木,一名草木之王……土人名曰猴菽,或曰染菽,粗与真名相仿佛也。”异名越多,说明其分布越广,且因为有着某种用途而为人熟知。[2]

 

南烛的这种用途就是制作青精饭。北宋《嘉祐本草》对此有详细的记载:

 

取茎叶,捣碎,渍汁,浸粳米,九浸,九蒸,九曝,米粒紧,正黑如瑿珠,袋盛之,可适远方,日进一合不饥。益颜色,坚筋骨,能行。取汁炊饭,名乌饭,亦名乌草,亦名牛筋,言食之如牛筋也。色赤,一名文烛。生高山,经冬不凋。[3]

 

这样做成的米饭,颜色乌黑,口感劲道,又名乌米饭。南烛也因此有着许多与之相关的别名:乌饭草、黑饭草、染菽、米饭树、饭筒树、米饭花等。


↑乌米饭,图自 《2018“大美上饶”乡村旅游文化节推介》④

 

青精饭最初只是道家用以修真炼养的食物,最早见于南朝陶弘景《登高隐决》。[4] 唐代,特别是中晚唐,青精饭受到热衷于学道文人的青睐。张贲、皮日休、陆龟蒙等都写过相关的诗句,如陆龟蒙“乌饭新饮茅臛香,道家斋日以为常”。 [5] 杜甫那首《赠李白》之所以会写到“青精饭”,也是因为此乃道家所食。

 

南宋绍兴间(1137-1162)进士林洪《山家清供》记104道山居待客之肴馔,青精饭乃开篇之首,称其“久服,益颜延年”,足见作者对青精饭之推崇。[6]

 

↑南烛,图自treeflower.la.coocan.jp ②

宋代以后,道家的青精饭逐渐为佛家吸收,四月初八浴佛节(佛诞日)这天,民间以青精饭供佛。由于“乌米”与“阿弥”音相近,青精饭、乌米饭又名阿弥饭。《本草纲目》卷25:“此饭乃仙家服食,而今释家多于四月八日造之,以供佛耳。”[7] 清代顾禄(1793-1843)《清嘉录》以月份为序记载江苏一带风俗,其四月“阿弥饭”一条载:

 

市肆煮青精饭为糕式,居人买以供佛,名曰阿弥饭,亦名乌米糕。周宗泰《姑苏竹枝词》云:“阿弥陀佛起何时,经典相传或有之。予意但知啖饭好,底须拜佛讼阿弥。”[8]

 

佛诞日这天,寺庙亦以乌米饭来馈赠香客,此种习俗由来已久。《植物名实图考》云:“四月八日,俚俗寺庙染饭馈问,其风犹古。” [9]

 

从道家食物,到山家清供,到礼佛供品,青精饭渐渐走入寻常百姓家,成为人们在上巳节、寒食节、清明节、浴佛节和立夏等节日享用的一道美食。

 

↑冬天的南烛叶


宋代梁克家(1127-1187)《淳熙三山志》:“南烛木冬夏常青,取其叶,捣碎,渍米为饭,染成绀青之色,日进一合,可以延年……今上巳青饭……闽俗效之。”[10]《本草纲目》引南宋《古今诗话》云∶“寒食采其叶,渍水染饭,色青而光,能资阳气。”明代田汝成(1503-1557)《西游游览志余》卷20《熙朝乐事》“清明”载:“僧道采杨桐叶染饭谓之青精饭,以馈施主。”[11] 这里的“杨桐”即南烛。[12]

 

图自treeflower.la.coocan.jp ③

2.被混淆的南烛与南天竹

 

作为制作青精饭的主要原料,历史上,南烛曾长时间与南天竹相混淆。如果拿南天竹与米同煮,情况可不妙。要知道,南天竹为小檗科植物,有小毒,不宜食用。从外观上看,南烛与南天竹区别很大,之所以被混淆,很大程度上是因为二者名称相近。[14]

 

古籍中,“南烛”一名始见于北宋初年官修《开宝本草》(成书于974年)。掌禹锡、苏颂等人在《开宝本草》的基础上予以扩充,于嘉祐二年(1057)编成《嘉祐补注本草》,其中介绍了南烛制作青精饭的步骤及功效,上文已有介绍。等到苏颂编《本草图经》(成书于1061年)时,就将南烛与南天竹弄混了

 

今惟江东州郡有之。株高三、五尺,叶类苦楝而小,凌冬不凋,冬生红子作穗。人家多植庭除间,俗谓之南天烛。不拘时采枝叶用。

 

↑南天竹,三回羽状复叶似苦楝,果实红色

结合叶和果实的特征,以上描述明显是南天竹,而非南烛,“南天烛”当是“南天竹”的另一种写法。大概是受其影响,成书于11世纪末的《梦溪笔谈》将二者揉合在了一起:

 

南烛草木,传记、《本草》所说多端,今人少识者,为其作青精饭色黑,乃误用乌臼为之,全非也。此木类也,又似草类,故谓之南烛草木。今人谓之南天烛者是也。南人多植于庭槛之间,茎如蒴藋,有节,高三四尺,庐山有盈丈者。叶微似楝而小,至秋则实赤如丹,南方至多。[15]

 

这一段前面介绍的是制作青精饭的南烛,从“南人多植于庭槛之间”开始,其所说应该是南天竹,尤其最后一句对南天竹叶与果的描述,与苏颂《本草图经》十分接近。


↑岩崎灌园《本草图谱》中的“南烛”

 

李时珍《本草纲目》1578年)在记载“南烛”时罗列了以上苏颂和沈括的观点,遗憾的是他并未加以辨析。条目名是“南烛”,内容却包括南天竹。受其影响,日本本草学者岩崎灌园(1786-1842)《本草图谱》(可视为《本草纲目》药物图谱)为“南烛”所配插图即是南天竹。同样,博物学家毛利梅园(1798—1851)《梅园百花画谱》题名为“南烛”的植物,所绘也是南天竹。

 

↑《梅园百花画谱》中的“南烛”


李时珍没有发现问题。但著名学者方以智(1611-1671)不再同意前人的观点。其百科全书式类书《通雅》卷44,直截了当地指出二者果实颜色的不同,可谓一语中的:“乌饭树,结黑子,可啖;南天竹,结子赤。”


↑相对“对版”的南烛插图,图自《Plantes de la Chine》

 

到清代,草药学家赵学敏(约1719-1805)《本草纲目拾遗》卷6“南天竹”一条说得也很清楚

 

王圣俞云:“乌饭草乃南烛,今山人寒食挑如市,与人家染乌饭是也。南天竹乃杨桐,今人植之庭除,冬结红子,以为玩者,非南烛也。古方用乌饭草与天烛,乃山中另有一种,不可以南天竹牵混。”此说理确可从之。

 

清代吴其濬(1789-1847)《植物名实图考》将“南天竹”与“南烛”单列,他看到了前人混淆南天竹与南烛的事实,指出沈括《梦溪笔谈》的失误在于“殊欠访询”。[16] 


的确,如果没有亲眼见过南烛和南天竹,很容易被它们的名称所误。在中国传统本草学中,这样例子也不少。

 

 


[1] 这是杜甫写给李白的第一首诗。前四句自叙,表示自己厌恶都市而羡慕山林。中间四句是说虽有青精饭,但却没有大药供他避世延年。“机巧”指习俗难居,“膻腥”指臭味不投。李白曾供奉翰林,故称李侯。“金闺”是金马门的别称,亦指封建朝廷。“彦”是旧时士的美称。李白供奉翰林,不久被玄宗赐金放还,托鹦鹉赋“落羽辞金殿”,是谓脱身。此年李白从高天师授箓,皈依道教,即“事幽讨”。“拾瑶草”含隐居之意,其典故源自汉东方朔《与友人书》:“不可使尘网名缰拘锁,怡然长笑,脱去十洲三岛,相期拾瑶草,吞日月之精华,共轻举耳。”

[2] 转引自《植物名实图考长编》,第1209页。

[3] 转引自《植物名实图考长编》,第1209页。

[4] 《杜诗详注》引陶弘景《登真隐诀》:“太极真人青精干石䭀饭法,用南烛草木叶,杂茎皮煮,取汁浸米蒸之,令饭作青色,高格曝干,当三蒸曝,每蒸辄以叶汁溲令浥浥,日可服二升,勿服血食,填胃补髓,消灭三虫。”见仇兆鳌《杜诗详注》,中华书局,1979年,第33页。

[5] 欧贻宏:《唐代文人好食青精饭》,《中国烹饪研究》,1997年,第4期,第56-58页。

[6] “青精饭,首以此,重谷也。按《本草》:南烛木,今名黑饭草。又名旱莲草,即青精也。采枝、叶,捣汁,浸上白好粳米,不拘多少,候一二时,蒸饭。曝干,坚而碧色,收贮。如用时,先用滚水量以米数,煮一滚,即成饭矣。用水不可多,亦不可少。久服,益颜延年。……每读杜诗,既曰:“岂无青精饭,令我颜色好?”又曰:“李侯金闺彦,脱身事幽讨。”当时才名如杜、李,可谓切于爱君忧国矣。天乃不使之壮年以行其志,而使之俱有青精、瑶草之思,惜哉!”见(宋)林洪《山家清供》,中华书局,2013年,第3页。

[7] 《本草纲目·卷二十五·青精干石䭀饭》,第977页。

[8] (清)顾录:《清嘉录》,江苏古籍出版社,1999年,第94页。

[9] 《植物名实图考》,第820页。

[10] (宋)梁可家:《淳熙三山志》,上估计出版社,1987年,第583页。

[11] (明)田汝成:《西湖游览志余》,上海古籍出版社,2018年,第239页。

[12] 《本草纲目·南烛》引《古今诗话》云:“即杨桐也。”《本草纲目·石南》亦云:“杨桐即南烛也。” 《中国植物志》将杨桐归为山茶科植物。

[14] 黄胜白、陈重明:《南烛的中文名考证》,《中草药通讯》,1979年,第9期,第41页。关于南烛与南天竹的辨析,本文重点参考了《南烛的中文名考证》一文。

[15] 胡道静等译注:《梦溪笔谈全译》,贵州人民出版社,1982年,第864页。

[16] (清)吴其濬《植物名实图考》,中华书局,2018年,第820页。



图①July 2007 at Tsukuba Botanical Garden

//treeflower.la.coocan.jp/Ericaceae/Vaccinium%20bracteatum/DSC05398.JPG

图② July 2007 at Tsukuba Botanical Garden

//treeflower.la.coocan.jp/Ericaceae/Vaccinium%20bracteatum/DSC05404.JPG

图③ July 2007 at Tsukuba Botanical Garden

//treeflower.la.coocan.jp/Ericaceae/Vaccinium%20bracteatum/DSC05402.JPG

图④ www.sohu.com/a/254299777_178719

作者简介:江汉汤汤,企业职员 / 中国美术馆志愿者讲解员 / 自由撰稿人,个人公众号“古典植物园”,现居北京。

图文编辑:蒋某人

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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凉风钻进窗子,带着一股楝花香。

跑到杭州的村里闲住,躺在床上摆弄电脑。夜幕降下时,窗外突然传来了雨声,由小渐大。雨淋的鸟儿们一阵慌乱,叽叽喳喳闹了起来。沉闷的空气也立刻流动起来,凉风钻进窗子,带着一股楝花香。



楝(读练),学名 Melia azedarach ,为楝科楝属植物,是江南地区常见的野树。市里少见,但村里和野地里很多。初夏时节,苦楝正盛开,满树紫色碎花、碎叶,正如江南的烟雨般轻柔。


说起楝花的香味,似乎在傍晚和夜间特别浓郁。五一的时候我也在山村里,同样是晚饭后在门口闲坐时,闻到了楝花香,却找不到树。而白天给楝花拍照时,却要站在树下、凑的很近时才能闻到香气。究竟是楝花更爱在傍晚散发香气,还是傍晚悠闲的我更容易闻到花香呢?

说到楝花,不能不提江南春花的“二十四番花信风”。清代植物学者陈淏子在《花镜》中说:“江南有二十四番花信风,梅花为首,楝花为终。”


从小寒到谷雨的八个节气,时间横跨一百二十天,古人将每五天划为一“候”,每一候对应一种花。楝花为谷雨节气的第三候,楝花一开,就到了江南的春花季末尾,春天马上就要过去。楝花一谢,三十几度的酷热也就来了。


如果能够到楝树的花,不妨摘一朵下来观察。它的雄蕊不像桃花梨花,以及大部分植物那样散开,它的雄蕊花丝联合成了一个紫色的长筒,筒中央,长着10枚黄色的花药。


夏季的楝树,树冠开展,特别的“三出羽状复叶”,使楝花树冠看起来疏朗有致。苦楝挂果很早,先是青色,如青枣一般,但果柄很长。秋季,楝树黄叶,果实也变成黄色。


叶片掉落后,密密麻麻的果实还挂在树上。这些果实,是许多鸟类喜爱的过冬口粮。但这果子人可不能吃,味道极苦就不说了,还有毒。时常能见到白头鹎,红嘴蓝鹊之类的鸟在树上啄食果子,松鼠偶尔也会去吃。


等树上的果实差不多消失的时候,差不多得到四月清明。楝花马上又要再开了。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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虎耳草几乎是南方每座山、每个山村都会有的植物。

虎耳草几乎是南方每座山、每个山村都会有的植物。山涧边、石阶旁、墙缝里、青苔上,不论冬夏,都能够看到虎耳草那圆乎乎、毛茸茸的叶子。

虎耳草叶片的形状、质感确实很像动物的耳朵,再加上叶片表面的“虎纹”,虎耳草就这么得名了。但老虎耳朵上其实没有条纹,可以去找个照片看看。不过今天是“520”,或许可以努力把叶片看成心形。这样的话,本文标题就是《山间最____的心形叶片,送给最____的你》

生长环境、生长阶段不同的虎耳草,叶片表面的颜色和花纹会有一定差异。大部分时候,虎耳草叶片是青底白纹,跟青底黑纹的西瓜相反。但有时虎耳草叶片上什么纹路也没有,有时又透出紫红色来。不管叶片上表面是什么颜色,如果翻到背面,一定是紫红色的,或深或淡。这也是其它许多森林下荫生植物所具有的特征。


同样紫红色的走茎,将众多叶片连接到一起。我家养的一盆营养过剩的虎耳草,每年都要长出无数条走茎,简直就像长发公主一样。


走茎顶端会长出一棵小虎耳草,起初每片叶子只有指甲盖大小,相当可爱。一沾到土壤,便会生根、长大了。

每年初夏,虎耳草开花。花相当有特色,五枚花瓣儿,上方的三枚小,下方的两枚大。看起来轻飘飘的,造型很像我国传统的燕尾风筝。


上方花瓣有着粉红色斑纹,基部有黄色斑纹。下方两枚则是纯白。花瓣中央,有着一个黄色的花盘,花盘上有肉眼可见的蜜水。


十枚雄蕊,如时钟刻度般环绕花盘一周。两枚雌蕊长在花盘中央,成熟后会来一个接近90度的弯折,很有意思。

在荫郁的林下,白色花朵格外显眼。

虽然很常见,但虎耳草仍是我最爱的山野草。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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高山巨人

去年在西藏攀登多雄拉山口。多雄拉山口位于喜马拉雅山北段,山口海拔4200米左右,是从林芝派镇到墨脱徒步线路上的一站。

每年夏季,途经广袤南亚平原至此的印度洋暖湿气流与高原寒流在山口处碰撞角力。湿气化为云雾,从山口以大坝泄洪般的气势奔涌而出。这使得山口大雾弥漫、降水不歇、狂风肆虐。再加上高原氧气稀薄,在这里登山拍花,就像是渔民在暴风天气出海。

多雄拉山上的塔黄

渔民出海有灯塔指引方向。而在多雄拉山上,高山巨人——塔黄,正是登山寻花者的灯塔。即使在云雾中,高大、色彩明亮的塔黄,在数百米之外就能够被看到。


塔黄出现了!这代表马上就要到达山顶了。

塔黄学名 Rheum nobile ,蓼科大黄属草本植物。 在气候环境如此恶劣的地方,大多数植物都选择了放低身姿,诸如杜鹃、岩须等花卉,都长的十分矮小,贴近地面。内部木质化,可以算灌木的垫状点地梅,更是把自己压缩到极致,变成了“地垫”。


但塔黄则不,夏季,开花的塔黄能够长到一人高,到了夏末秋季,它的高度能达到三米。

伫立的黄色巨塔,是塔黄的花序。如果掀开那些宽大的、层叠的黄色苞叶,就可以看到里面的小花。

苞叶将花朵严严实实的包裹起来,就好比一个温室,即使外界风雨大作,内部也能够保持干爽。在这样的温室里,花朵可以免遭高原极端天气的蹂躏。


塔黄苞叶内部的花朵

在雨水中爬了半天山的我是多么想要一个这样的场所呀!传粉昆虫就更不用说了,它们也爱往塔黄的花序里钻,顺便就帮助塔黄传了粉。

枯而不倒的塔黄

这样一株高大的塔黄,在开过一次花后、结过一次种后便会宣告死亡。只留下一根同样高大的花序轴枯而不倒。

塔黄幼苗


事实上,一株塔黄一生只开一次花,而为了这一次夸张的花事,塔黄要经过数年乃至十几年的积蓄。


每年六月,高山冰雪消融,塔黄像棵白菜似的从地里冒了出来。一旁的枯叶是塔黄经历岁月的证明。


有些塔黄积蓄了足够的养分,迅速的拔高并长出层层叠叠的黄色苞片。在高原短短三个月的生长季中,塔黄必须快马加鞭完成开花结果的使命。而其他塔黄则继续保持白菜般的模样,不断的往地下粗大的肉质主根里贮藏养分,等待时机的成熟。

塔黄开花可称奇观,而塔黄的生命历程也令人唏嘘。塔黄、蜉蝣、蝉… 生命们都在用各自的方式拼尽全部力量。

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

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端午和我去看塔黄和绿绒蒿

2020年9月13日
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身边很多普通寻常的植物,原来也惊艳过岁月。

作者简介:一手画笔一手花,坐标广西。园林专业,从小深爱植物与自然,期待能一直从事植物相关工作,世间唯有美花与美食不可辜负,微博@一手画笔一手花

身边很多普通寻常的植物,原来也惊艳过岁月。 

艳山姜(Alpinia zerumbet)在园林绿化中的运用不算太多,而它的园艺品种——花叶艳山姜(Alpinia zerumbet ‘ Variegata’),别名花叶良姜、斑纹月桃等,在南方绿地中则很常见。花叶艳山姜叶子黄绿相间的色彩,为植物丛中织了锦缎,添了几分明亮。


花叶艳山姜的植株并不硬挺,看着东歪西倒的,有时候还会显得有几分杂乱,因为平日里经常得见,也并不觉得它有何出彩。

花叶艳山姜的花期4-6月,此时正是它开花的季节,没想到那一串串下垂的圆锥花序,尤其是那一朵朵含苞待放的模样,竟迷住了我的眼,写下了风姿卓绝。


珍珠色的花苞闪耀着白玉般的光泽,好似少女的冰雪肌肤、温润凝脂;顶端和寿桃尖尖儿一样的红,又透着粉嫩娇羞;挂着晶莹的水珠,仿佛美人泪,惹人怜爱;盛开之时吐露出红色纹彩的明黄唇瓣,尽情展现女大十八变的艳丽风采。 


我听见有人叫她——豆蔻。袅袅十三余,豆蔻梢头二月初。春风十里扬州路,卷上珠帘总不如。形容十三四岁少女的“豆蔻年华”,出自杜牧的《赠别》。其中的豆蔻花,便指的是艳山姜这一类花朵相似的山姜属、豆蔻属植物。


农历二月初,按时间算应该是这类植物刚刚抽出娇嫩花苞的时候,或许比我现在拍的花苞可能还要更清嫩可人。


自杜牧之后,“豆蔻”常被邀入诗词,而我比较喜欢的是王雱(pāng) 《眼儿媚·杨柳丝丝弄轻柔》中那句“相思只在,丁香枝上,豆蔻梢头”。一下子意境就出来了。


娉婷少女十三四,春风十里不如你,最美的花,赠与最美好的年纪。

作者:一手画笔一手花

图片:一手画笔一手花、蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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好好的植物小可爱,偏偏去其他领域卖萌。

作者简介:晨露,网名薇薇安呀,坐标湖南。园林专业,喜欢植物,喜欢收集各类植物标本,阳台上全是自己种植的稀奇古怪的植物。

哈喽,大家好我是晨露。已经6月中旬了,我依旧上着网课,得空时都会去家旁空地里低头搜索新玩意儿。立夏以来,一些花朵早已化作护花泥,而一些植物也终于开始展示自己的花朵。


我搜索之时发现一种以前自己很喜欢玩的一种植物——鸭跖草(Commelina communis )。这次观察后,我将对它有更深入的认识。

鸭跖草是鸭跖草科,鸭跖草属植物,为一年生草本。花朵虽小,但却很容易被看见,我想主要是因为它那花瓣的颜色吧。抢眼的蓝色,一下子就会在草丛中凸显出来,进入人们的眼球。

仔细观察鸭跖草两枚深蓝色的花瓣,会感觉上面有一点像撒了荧光粉一样,有一点透亮,这样的蓝色感觉更加迷人了。

其实鸭跖草科的植物都有三枚花瓣,这里看到的只是其中显眼的两枚。还有一枚半透明小花瓣藏在了两枚蓝色花瓣下面,其实我刚开始也没有注意到,还是后面查找资料时发现的。

鸭跖草苞片和其内的花朵


花外边有一个佛焰苞状的总苞片,展开后是一个心形。打开苞片,可以看见里面有多朵花,待放的花朵,或者已经枯萎的花朵都会藏在苞片之中。


一上一下重叠的鸭跖草花朵

但我观察了很大一片鸭跖草,发现一次只开一朵花的占绝大多数。有时也能见到两枚花朵,一上一下叠在一起的情况。就像是一对害羞的兄弟,探着脑袋儿在张望,感觉特别萌。


鸭跖草的花蕊也很萌、很特别。花蕊从上到下叠成三叠。最上方的三枚花蕊色泽鲜花,形状长的像卡通兔子。


中央一枚黄色花蕊成V字形;下方的三枚花蕊细长,包括两枚雄蕊和一枚雌蕊。


在查阅鸭跖草的资料时,我发现这种植物的名字很有趣。它的中文学名为“鸭跖草”,但观察它的外形,貌似和鸭子没有什么关系。有一个解释是说,鸭跖草为匍匐草本,生长在水边,经常会有鸭子在植株上面踩踏,所以叫鸭跖草。这样一来好像也能说得通。

水边的一大片鸭跖草

鸭跖草还有一个别名叫“翠蝴蝶”,这个名字源于它那两枚蓝色的大花瓣,就像蝴蝶的翅膀一样。蝴蝶的翅膀是美丽的,但我觉得鸭跖草的“翅膀”用可爱来形容更加贴切。


虽说身处植物界,但鸭跖草这个名字与动物界的联系却这么多。好好的植物小可爱,偏偏去其他领域卖萌。不过,它们也确实萌到我了,尤其是叠在一起的鸭跖草“兄弟”。暂且就承认一下它“卖萌兄”的地位吧。

作者:晨露

图片:晨露、蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
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在北京以北约480公里车程,有着中国四大沙地之一的浑善达克沙地。

在北京以北约480公里车程,有着中国四大沙地之一的浑善达克沙地。

水和沙在这里交锋。

湖泊旁是水草丰茂的草原,内蒙古高原的强风不时吹过,卷起湖面和草泽的千重浪。

稍远离湖泊,立马是完全不同的风景,连绵的沙丘起伏,沙尘时时飞扬。

↑湖畔水草丰茂

↑远处沙丘连绵

但沙地并非寸草不生的荒漠,这里的年降水量大约在200-400mm之间,降水快速透过草原和沙丘,积存地下。

虽然不能供养森林,但能够满足一些树木的需要(如榆树)。于是在这里,我们能见到草原和沙丘交织,稀疏树木点缀其上的奇特景观。倒是有些像非洲稀树草原。


在草原上,尤其是草原和沙丘的交界地带,狼毒花盛开遍野。

狼毒花未开时是红色,盛开呈粉白色花球。草原上花团锦簇,娇艳美丽。

美丽的狼毒花却有着两个不祥的标签:剧毒、荒漠化。

瑞香科的狼毒(Stellera chamaejasm)其根、茎、叶、花都有毒,因此得别称断肠草,草原上的牛羊见到狼毒,也会绕道走,不吃一口。狼毒是否真的被用来杀过狼,似乎找不到什么依据,但如果真要的把狼毒用于杀生,那么飞禽走兽以及虫子,皆可杀之。

另一方面,狼毒花被视为草地退化、荒漠化的标志植物。在中国知网上,能够检索到两百余篇相关论文。

狼毒的分布十分广泛,西藏、云南、新疆、内蒙等地的草原上都可以见到。我在不同地点见到的狼毒,花色都有所不同,香格里拉见到开黄色花的,西藏见到开紫色花的。但共同之处是,狼毒成片生长的地方都相当干旱。


↑不同颜色的狼毒花

狼毒强大的根系,深深扎根于土壤之中,豪夺水资源。有狼毒花大片盛开的地方,其它植物的多样性往往十分低下。我在这次的旅行中,也见到了实证。

狼毒花根系,图自[1]

但这两个不祥的标签也有相反的另一面。

由于其毒性,藏族人用狼毒根造纸,毒虫鼠蛇都对其敬而远之。大约在公元6-8世纪,西藏就开始用狼毒生产藏纸。

挖掘出狼毒花后,需要先用木棒捶打根系,使其外表皮、韧皮、木芯松动,接着分离出韧皮,用于造纸,再经过水浸、蒸煮、打浆、捞纸、晒纸等工序制成。在狼毒纸记录的文献不易受虫蛀,成为文化的载体千古留传。[2]


作为草场退化和荒漠化的指示生物,狼毒究竟是荒漠化的助推手,还是草原最后的自救手段呢?


虽说狼毒强大的根系掠夺了水资源,但它不是又很好起到了防风固沙,阻挡沙丘蔓延的作用么?

归根结底,水资源分配是问题的根源,狼毒本身并无好坏善恶。


水和沙在这里交锋。

有水则繁荣,成为风吹草低见牛羊的沃地。

无水则萧条,植被死亡、逐渐被沙丘吞噬。

而在水和沙交锋最激烈的地方,土地迸出,狼毒花。

参考资料

[1] www.efloras.org

[2] 索朗仁青, 齐美多吉. 浅析传统藏纸生产工艺及开发前景[J]. 西藏大学学报(汉文版), 1996(01):22-25.

作者:蒋某人

图片:蒋某人

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2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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家家买葵、榴、蒲、艾,植之堂中,标以五色花纸,贴画虎蝎或天师之象。

农历五月初五端午节,早市入口的摊位上摆上了粽叶和艾蒿。在乡间,艾蒿是常见的野草,每年端午前,妈妈会砍一把放在窗边,说可以辟邪、防蚊虫。端午插艾蒿,这个习俗现在仍在延续。如果回到南宋,端午节,插在家里的可不止艾蒿。

 

周密(1232—1298)《武林旧事》卷3追忆故都临安(今杭州)端午习俗云:“又以大金瓶数十,遍插葵、榴、栀子花,环绕殿阁……而市人门首,各设大盆,杂植艾、蒲、葵花,上挂五色纸钱,排饤果粽。虽贫者亦然。”[1] 田汝成(1503-1557)《西湖游览志馀》载南宋临安端午习俗亦云:家家买葵、榴、蒲、艾,植之堂中标以五色花纸,贴画虎蝎或天师之象。[2]


家门口的蜀葵

 

这里的“葵”,不是向日葵,而是蜀葵。蜀葵在小满后不久已开,端午前后最盛,因而又名端午花。元代张宪(生卒年不详)《端午词》:“一丈戎葵依绣窗,雨足江南好时节。”宫廷画家郎世宁(1688—1766)《端午图轴》,花瓶里的花材以蜀葵为主,配有一枝石榴花,两叶菖蒲。料想端午插蜀葵的习俗在康雍乾时的清宫依旧如故。

 

端午节,我们就聊一聊端午花,蜀葵。


蜀葵

1.蜀葵并非四川的葵

 

蜀葵Althaea rosea是锦葵科蜀葵属二年生直立草本,史籍中很早就有记载。《尔雅》∶“菺,戎葵也。”晋人郭璞(276—324)注∶“今蜀葵也。似葵,花如木槿花。”

对于名字里的“蜀”和“戎”,历来多从植物原产地的角度去解释。《本草纲目》卷16“蜀葵”引唐陈藏器(约687—757)《本草拾遗》:“戎、蜀,其所自来,因以名之。”南宋罗愿(1136—1184)《尔雅翼》:

 

凡草木从戎者,本皆自远国来,古人谨而志之。今戎葵,一名蜀葵,则自蜀来也,如胡豆谓之戎菽,亦自胡中来。戎者,胡、蜀之总名耳。其来之始,今不复知。蜀、羌、髳,自商时已通中国矣。[3]


清代学者有不同意见,他们认为“蜀”应该解释为大。邵晋涵《尔雅正义》:

 

戎葵,今谓之蜀葵,戎、蜀皆言其大也。《释诂》云:‘戎,大也。’《释畜》云:‘鸡大者,蜀。’是蜀亦为大。而说本草者,便谓此草从蜀中来,凿矣。


郝懿行《尔雅义疏》亦云:

 

蜀葵似葵而高大,戎、蜀皆大之名,非自戎、蜀来也。或名吴葵、胡葵,胡、吴亦皆谓大也。


吴葵一名见于《名医别录》。蜀、吴、戎、胡,的确都有“大”的意思,这样的含义在先秦两汉时已经出现。[4] “蜀”这个字,常见的含义是族名、国名、朝代名,怎么会有“大”的含义呢?



岑仲勉先生考证,一开始,“蜀”乃古时川西民族对其首领的称呼,“蜀之义尤‘王’也。简单地说,古代因彼此语言隔阂,把人家首长的通名,传为人家的族称或国号,是很常见的事。”[5] “蜀”之“大”义,可能就是从“王”引申而来。[6]


“蜀”之为“大”义,在其他植物的名称中也有体现。例如高粱别名“蜀黍”,是因为高粱较黍子这种谷物要高大,而与巴蜀无关。[7] 甘肃武威方言称玉米为“蜀麦”,意思是说玉米是一种较大的麦子,而非因为玉米原产四川。[8] 蜀茶是一种花朵较大的山茶,文献中所载蜀茶多源自福建,而非巴蜀。所以夏纬英《植物名释札记》推断:植物名称之言‘蜀’者,往往为大义[9]


蜀葵,图自《本草图谱》

同样,并没有一种文献表明蜀葵这种植物原产巴蜀。所以陈藏器和罗愿的解释属于望文生义。《中国植物志》指出蜀葵“原产我国西南地区”,不知是否也是受此影响。我觉得蜀葵原产巴蜀的可能性比较小,它并没有什么特别的地域性特征。如今蜀葵在我国各地广泛栽培,世界各国也都有栽培观赏。


2.“葵”之溯源

 

说蜀葵是一种较大的葵,这里的参照物“葵”,是古人常吃的一种蔬菜,它的历史同样悠久。《诗经·幽风·七月》“七月烹葵及菽”,汉乐府《长歌行》“青青园中葵,朝露待日晞”,王维《积雨辋川庄作》“山中习静观朝槿,松下清斋折露葵”,以上诗句中的“葵”,都是这种蔬菜,其中文正式名为冬葵Malva verticillata var. crispa


冬葵

 

冬葵与蜀葵同为锦葵科草本,高不足1米,而蜀葵能高达2米。二者形态有相似之处,所以古人称这种高大的葵为蜀葵,其别名戎葵、吴葵、胡葵、一丈红,均取此意。


吴子良(1198—1257)《葵花》“一日复一日,看看众花上”,明代杨穆(生卒年不详)《西墅杂记》咏蜀葵“花如木槿花相似,叶比芙蓉叶一般。五尺栏杆遮不尽,尚留一半与人看”,皆言其高。


“五尺栏杆遮不尽,尚留一半与人看”

明代以前,冬葵是餐桌上常见的一种蔬菜。南朝贾思勰《齐民要术》将“种葵”列为蔬菜种植技术之开篇;一直到元代,王祯《农书》依然称其为“百菜之主,备四时之馔”。[10] 到了明代,由于大白菜等蔬菜引入,浑身是毛的冬葵不再受人待见,以至于李时珍《本草纲目》将其列入草部:“今人不复食之,亦无种者。”如今,只有江西、湖南、四川等省有栽培,长沙等地还是叫它葵菜,方言又称冬苋菜。[11]


,图自《本草图谱》

既然葵是人们最熟悉不过的蔬菜,以之为参照物来命名,自是理所应当。类似名中带“葵”的植物还有锦葵Malva cathayensis,也开花,但花远比蜀葵要小。锦葵也很早就见诸记载,它在《尔雅》中名“荍”,《诗经·陈风·东门之枌》“视尔如荍,贻我握椒”,以其比喻容貌姣好的女子。

锦葵的花

锦葵,图自《本草图谱》

3. 蜀葵地位之下降

 

蜀葵这种常见的花卉,在历史上曾受到至高的赞美。如南朝宋颜延之(384—456)《蜀葵赞》:“渝艳众葩,冠冕群英。”南朝梁王筠(482—550)《蜀葵花赋》:“迈众芳而秀出,冠杂卉而当闱。”明代金石学家赵崡(1564—1618)《植品》:“故盛唐诗人咏牡丹者少,至正元中,已与戎葵争胜。”[12] 将蜀葵与牡丹对比,从一个侧面说明,蜀葵在唐代曾多么受宠。宋人陈石斋也将蜀葵与花王、花相类比,其《咏一丈红》云“恐是牡丹重换紫,又疑芍药再翻红”。


重瓣蜀葵

 

北宋周师厚《洛阳花木记》已提到蜀葵的重瓣品种——千叶红葵、千叶紫葵等。到明代,蜀葵的园艺栽培品种已相当丰富。明代高濂《遵生八笺》:

 

色有红、紫、白、墨紫、深浅桃红、茄紫、蓝数色。形有千瓣、有五心、有重台、有剪绒、有细瓣、有锯口、有圆瓣、有五瓣、有重瓣种种,莫可名状。

 

清代曲家谢堃(1784—1844)《花木小志》:

 

花最易生,枝叶又粗,人不甚惜。然细审之,其色有深红、桃红、水红、秾紫、澹紫、茄皮紫、浅黑、浑白、洁白、深黄、浅蓝十余种,形有千叶、五出、重台、细瓣、圆瓣、锯口、重瓣种种不一,五月繁华,赖有此耳。尝遍种于假山石上,暖风过处,真成锦绣堆矣。

 

郎世宁 端午图轴,图自故宫官网

正如上文所说,蜀葵“花最易生”,过于普遍,因此早在唐代已为人轻视。陈标(约813年前后在世)《蜀葵》:“眼前无奈蜀葵何,浅紫深红数百窠。能共牡丹争几许,得人轻处只缘多。”在五代张翊(生卒年不详)所著花卉排行榜《花经》中,蜀葵排名已垫底:“胡葵,九品一命。”明代张谦德(1577—1643)《瓶花谱·品花》仿造《花经》,将瓶中插花进行排序,蜀葵倒数第二,“千叶戎葵,八品二命”,与鸡冠、玉簪、秋葵、石竹同列。[13]

 

到了清代张之洞那里,对蜀葵的轻蔑就更不客气了,其《蜀葵花歌》云“世俗贵耳斗奢华,洛花道好蜀葵丑……此花虽贱君子贵”。“洛花”即洛阳花,特指牡丹。曾与牡丹争宠的蜀葵,到了张之洞这里,竟然被如此直白地呼为丑和贱。物以稀为贵,此言不虚。


1922年作,蜀葵花 齐白石

4. 从蜀葵到向日葵

 

唐以后,蜀葵的地位在各种排行榜中垫底,它在诗文中的寓意,也是卑微地向着太阳的。蜀葵倾阳向日的特性屡见于诗词,并且常常寓意忠君效主。如宋代韩琦《蜀葵》:“不入当时眼,其如向日心。”宋代杨巽斋《蜀葵》:“但疑承露矜殊色,谁识倾阳无二心。”南宋诗人王镃《蜀葵》:“花根疑是忠臣骨,开出倾心向太阳。”杨万里《寄题程元成纷事山居三咏葵心堂》:“卫足平生非我志,向阳一点只天知。”白色、黑色的蜀葵也如此。明代高启《白葵花》:“谁怜白衣者,亦有向阳心。”明代将领蒋忠《墨葵》:“莫言颜色异,还是向阳心。”可以说,在明代向日葵传入我国之前,蜀葵是中国的向日葵


蜀葵向日的典故,最早用于冬葵身上,同样也被赋予人格化的寓意。《淮南子》卷17“说林”:“圣人之与道,尤葵之于日,虽不能始终哉,其向之者,诚也。”[14] 曹植《求存问亲戚疏》:“若葵藿之倾叶,太阳虽不为之回光,然终向之者,诚也。臣窃自比于葵藿,若降天地之施,垂三光之明者,实在陛下。”[15] 所以杜甫《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》说:“葵藿倾太阳,物性固难夺。”刘长卿《咏墙下葵》:“此地常无日,青青独在阴。太阳偏不及,非是未倾心。”宋王昭禹《周礼详解》卷6释“葵”:“葵,草之细出者,倾心向日,则有敬意。”


冬葵,图自《Plantes de la Chine》

除了冬葵、蜀葵,有关秋葵、黄葵、黄蜀葵的诗词也用到了同样的典故。例如唐彦谦《秋葵》:“倾阳一点丹心在,承得中天雨露多。”晚唐韩偓《黄蜀葵花赋》:“色配中央,心倾太阳。”韦庄《使院黄葵花》:“向日似矜倾国貌,倚风如唱步虚词。”刘攽《黄葵》:“黄花冷淡无人看,独自倾心向太阳。”

 

蜀葵向日的特性,直接启发了外来植物“向日葵”的命名。


向日葵的一个品种

 

向日葵Helianthus annuus原产美洲,万历年间,这种植物经由传教士传入我国之初,由于它是菊科植物,所以名字叫向日菊、丈菊、西番菊、迎阳花。其中“向日菊”这个名字是万历皇帝赐予的。成书于1617年的《植品》记载了向日葵传入我国之后的情形:

 

又有向日菊者,万历间,西蕃僧始携种入中国。干高七八尺至丈余,上作大花如盘,随日所向。花大开则重,不能复转。初中官以重价购,以进时未有名。上赐名向日菊后,其种渐布民间。丙午丁未间,关中多种之,遍满篱落。然其花类一大蜂房,丑恶特甚。余绝恶之,仅一二年,人遂无种者。又有西番柿亦万历间自西方来。蔓生高四五尺,结实宛如柿。然不堪食。其蔓与叶臭不可近。比之向日菊尤甚。今亦无种者矣。[16]

 

万历丙午丁未(1606—1607)年间,关中地区向日葵广为种植,说明向日葵的传入时间要比1606年更早。有趣的是,这种舶来的物种在民间并不受欢迎。人们哪里见过如此大的花盘,其外形容易使人想到挂在树上的马蜂窝。《植品》的作者毫不客气地说它“丑恶特甚”。所以不过一两年,没人再种向日葵。类似的命运,同样也发生在万历年间传入我国的“西番柿”(即西红柿)身上。


不管向日葵受人喜爱还是厌恶,它的外形如此奇特,很容易让人过目难忘、印象深刻。在初刻于1621年的植物类书《群芳谱》中,王象晋(1561—1653)将这种外来植物列于“菊”篇之后的附录:

丈菊:一名西番菊,一名迎阳花,茎长丈余,干坚粗如竹,叶类麻,多直生。虽有旁枝,只生一花,大如盘盂,单瓣色黄,心皆作窠如蜂房状,至秋渐紫黑而坚,取其子种之,甚易生。花有毒,能堕胎。[17]


以上有关向日葵的早期文献都表明,时人已经认识到向日葵是与菊花同类的植物,所以名中都有“菊”。那么,“向日葵”一名是如何出现的呢?是时候请蜀葵出场了。


在最早记录“向日葵”的《露书》(成书于1611年以前)中,作者姚旅(生卒年不详)在描述向日葵时,将其比作“蜀锦”,即蜀葵。无论是“直耸无枝”的外形,还是“朝暮向日”的特性,二者都有相似之处:


万历丙午年,忽有向日葵自外域传至。其树直耸无枝,一如蜀锦,开花一树一朵,或傍有一两小朵,其大如盘,朝暮向日,结子在花面,一如蜂窝。金友玙与余言:“佛经所谓昙花也。”[18]


向日葵花盘巨大,色泽金黄,成片种植则蔚为壮观,200多年后因为梵高的油画而举世闻名。当初遭人厌恶的“蜂房”,逐渐逆袭为园艺界的明星。还记得张恨水《金粉世家》里男女主角恋爱时的那片开满向日葵的花田吗?那样灿烂浪漫的风景,直到今天依然是摄影写真的绝佳胜地,依然会让我们想起来就心潮澎湃。于是,在表达迎着朝阳、倾心向日的寓意时,向日葵完全取代了蜀葵。以至于,现在我们提到“葵”这个字,脑海里首先浮现的是向日葵或者葵瓜子,而不是蜀葵,更不是葵菜。


我们的蜀葵,还是那个在马路边野蛮生长、默默无闻的蜀葵。


[1] (宋)周密:《武林旧事》,浙江古籍出版社,2011年,第55页。

[2] (明)田汝成辑撰;刘雄,尹晓宁点校:《西湖游览志余》,上海古籍出版社,2018年,第240页。

[3](宋)罗愿撰,石云孙点校:《尔雅翼》,黄山书社,2013年,第103页。

[4] 《尔雅·释畜》将体型较大的鸡称之为“蜀”。东汉杨雄《方言》第十三:“吴,大也。”《诗·周颂·烈文》“念兹戎功,继序其皇之”中的“戎”,《毛传》解释为“大”。《逸周书•谥法》:“胡,大也。”

[5] 岑仲勉:《岑仲勉史学论文续集》,中华书局,2004年,第167页、174页。

[6] “蜀”的含义中,同样从“王”义引申出来的含义还有 “独”和“一”。《尔雅·释山》:“独者,蜀。”杨雄《方言》卷12:“一,蜀也。南楚谓之独。”章炳麟《新方言·释言》:“福州谓一为蜀,一尺、一丈、一百、一千,则云蜀尺、蜀丈、蜀白、蜀千,音皆如束。”

[7] “蜀黍,大约为非洲原产,未详何时始入中国,然早期我国所栽培的谷类中无此植物。后魏贾思勰所著的《齐民要术》中尚未有蜀黍的种法,而只在《五谷果瓜菜茹非中国所产者·五谷》条中引《博物志》:‘地三年种蜀黍,其后七年多蛇。’由此可见,彼时之我国北部尚未种植蜀黍。蜀黍,亦未闻在巴蜀之地先栽培,其‘蜀’字之义,自与巴蜀无关。”见夏纬瑛:《植物名释札记》,农业出版社,1990年,第221-222页。

[8] 李鼎超《陇右方言·释植物》:“玉蜀黍,武威谓之蜀麦,音近西麦。‘蜀’有‘大’意,虫之大者名‘蜀’(通作‘蠋’),鸡之大者名蜀鸡(《尔雅》),故类麦而大曰蜀麦。”

[9] 《植物名释札记》,第221页。

[10] 王祯《农书》云∶“葵,阳草也。其菜易生,郊野甚多,不拘肥瘠地皆有之,为百菜之主,备四时之馔。本丰而耐旱,味甘而无毒。可防荒俭,可以菹腊,其枯卉可为榜簇,根子又能疗疾,咸无遗弃,诚蔬茹之要品,民生之资益者也。”转引自(明)李时珍《本草纲目》第16卷“葵”。

[11] (北朝)贾思勰著,缪启愉、缪桂龙译注:《齐民要术》,上海古籍出版社,2009年,第148页。

[12] (明)赵崡:《植品》,万历丁巳年(1617)刻本,卷上,叶1b,现藏国家图书馆。

[13] (西汉)刘安等著,许匡一译注:《淮南子全译》,贵州人民出版社,1993年,第1005页。

[14] (西汉)刘安等著,许匡一译注:《淮南子译注》,贵州人民出版社,1993年,第1005页。

[15] (清)严可均辑:《全三国文》,商务印书馆,1999年,上册,第155页。标题“求存问亲戚疏”《文选》作“求同亲亲表”。

[16] 《植品》,卷上,叶11a-11b。

[17](明)王象晋纂辑;伊钦恒诠释:《群芳谱诠释》(增补订正),农业出版社,1985年,第274-275页。

[18](明)姚旅撰:《露书》,福建人民出版社,2008年,第252页。

作者简介:江汉汤汤,企业职员 / 中国美术馆志愿者讲解员 / 自由撰稿人,个人公众号“古典植物园”,现居北京。

图文编辑:蒋某人

本作品采用 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 许可协议进行许可

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转载请务必保留以上声明


2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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当人们将猫添加到约会应用配置文件时会发生什么

如果你是一个拥有一只猫的家伙,如果你张贴一张照片与你最喜欢的猫科动物,它会对求婚者产生什么样的影响?

【原文】

This article is republished here with permission from The Conversation. This content is shared here because the topic may interest Snopes readers; it does not, however, represent the work of Snopes fact-checkers or editors.


If you’ve used a dating app, you’ll know the importance of choosing good profile pics.

These photos don’t just relay attractiveness; a recent study suggested that 43% of people think they can get a sense of someone’s personality by their picture. You might guess that someone who has included a photo of themselves hiking is an outdoorsy type of person.

And that’s the best part. This is a new, growing area of research, and it’s only one of a handful of potential studies on the relationship between pet ownership and first impressions on dating apps. This means we have our work cut out for us.

But in the meantime, if heterosexual men are looking to get a match, it’s probably a good idea if they save showing off their photos with their favorite felines for the first or second date.The Conversation


Lori Kogan, Professor of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University and Shelly Volsche, Lecturer, Boise State University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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特朗普在 2020 年 2 月有没有说 COVID-19 比流感更致命?

虽然总统在公开场合反复低估 COVID-19 的死亡性,但他承认它比私下流感更致命。

【宣称】

美国总统特朗普承认 COVID-19 比 2020 年 2 月初的流感更致命,但继续低估该流行病在公众场合 “像流感一样”。

【结论】

正确归因

【原文】

U.S. President Donald Trump’s approach to the COVID-19 pandemic was under heavy scrutiny on Sept. 9, 2020, as excerpts from reporter Bob Woodward’s book “Rage” started to circulate on social media. One of the most arresting passages in that book was highlighted by CNN reporter Daniel Dale, who wrote that Trump continued to downplay the seriousness of the pandemic in public by likening it to the flu even though Trump had acknowledged to Woodward on Feb. 7, 2020, that COVID-19 was deadlier than even the most strenuous strains of influenza:

These are both genuine quotes.

The first quote comes from Woodward’s new book “Rage.” Woodward, one of the reporters who broke the “Watergate” scandal story during U.S. President Richard Nixon’s administration, conducted 18 on-the-record interviews with Trump between December 2019 and July 2020. In addition to Woodward’s reporting, there are also audio recordings of these conversations.

During the Feb. 7 interview, Trump acknowledged that the virus was airborne and that COVID-19 was deadlier than even the most strenuous strains of the flu. 

In new tapes, President Trump admits to Bob Woodward he concealed critical details he knew about the coronavirus. "I wanted to always play it down." //t.co/eICaAx70mY pic.twitter.com/zXNOZtIBx7

— CNN Newsroom (@CNNnewsroom) September 9, 2020

Despite acknowledging that COVID-19 was deadlier than the flu in early February 2020, Trump continued to downplay the seriousness of the pandemic in public by repeatedly likening COVID-19 to the flu.

As Dale noted, Trump said that COVID-19 was “like the flu” during a Feb. 27 press conference. The official White House transcript shows that Trump was explaining how COVID-19 was different than Ebola when he made this comment. Here’s the full quote:

They listened to a lot. Well, because this is a much different problem than Ebola. Ebola, you disintegrated, especially at the beginning. They’ve made a lot of progress now on Ebola. But with Ebola — we were talking about it before — you disintegrated. If you got Ebola, that was it.

This one is different. Much different. This is a flu. This is like a flu. And this is a much different situation than Ebola.

This, of course, was not the only time Trump made this faulty comparison. In March, during an interview with Fox News, Trump lamented that he had to shut down businesses, saying, “We’ve never closed down the country for the flu.” 

Trump repeated this stance on Twitter:

White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany was asked about Woodward’s book during a Sept. 9 press conference, which can be viewed in full here. Below is an excerpt of her comments:

This president does what leaders do. Good leaders. It’s stay calm and resolute at a time when you face an insurmountable challenge […] The president has never lied to the American public on COVID. The president was expressing calm and his actions reflect that.

As of this writing, nearly 190,000 people have died from COVID-19 in the United States.  

2020年9月13日
发表者 minici
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是否有一对同性恋夫妇 “庆祝世界第一个肛门诞生”?

标记讽刺的内容的例行审查。

【宣称】

2020 年,一对同性恋夫妇庆祝了世界上第一个 “肛门诞生” 后,一个女人的卵巢被移植成一个男人。

【结论】

标记讽刺

【原文】

On Aug. 30, 2020, World News Daily Report published an article positing that a gay couple in Los Angeles, California, had taken part in the world’s first “anal birth,” after a woman’s ovaries were transplanted into a man.

Same-Sex Couple Celebrates World’s First Anal Birth After Successful Rectal-Ovary Transplant

A Los Angeles same-sex couple has successfully given birth anally to a healthy 8.2-pound baby for the first time in history.

The LGBTQ community worldwide has received the news of the rectal birth with open arms as the revolutionary medical procedure could enable millions of fertility-challenged couples to procreate.

James Bent, 37, received donated ovaries from his sister Leila Bent, 32, which were later successfully transplanted into his rectum and which enabled the anal birth to occur.

The article also contained what were presented as photographs of the couple with their baby, as well as a doctor named as “Dr. Peter Krisnawasti,” who was quoted as saying: “This medical procedure will not only be useful to male same-sex couples but also to heterosexual couples where the male partner wishes to experience the process of pregnancy for himself.”

This item was not a factual recounting of real-life events. The article originated with a website that describes its output as being humorous or satirical in nature, as follows:

WNDR assumes all responsibility for the satirical nature of its articles, and for the fictional nature of their content. All characters appearing in the articles in this website — even those based on real people —  are entirely fictional, and any resemblance between them and any persons, living, dead, or undead is purely a miracle.

Other clues that the story was fabricated could be found in the images it used. The photograph of the doctor, Krisnawasti, from the California Hospital Medical Center, actually showed a doctor named Samir Kapadia, from the Cleveland Clinic:

The photograph of the couple holding their baby was actually taken in June 2014, by baby and family photographer Lindsay Foster. It shows Toronto, Ontario, couple Frank Nelson and BJ Barone holding their newborn son Milo, who was born through a surrogate mother:

Although the World News Daily Report website includes a disclaimer as to the purportedly satirical nature of its content, the article was subsequently republished by several other sites that do not carry that label, and did not indicate to their readers that the story originated on a self-styled satire site.

For background, here is why we sometimes write about satire/humor.

2020年9月13日
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“安提法” 是在俄勒冈州设置野火吗?

执法部门呼吁社交媒体使用者停止散布这种恶作剧。

【宣称】

“安提法” 纵火犯在 2020 年 9 月在西海岸纵火肆虐。

【结论】


【原文】

In early September 2020, rumors spread across social media that wildfires on the West Coast, particularly Oregon, had been set by “antifa” — a rumor that area police departments worked to debunk, noting that it was making their efforts amid life-or-death emergency conditions more difficult.

Catastrophic wildfires in Oregon, Washington, and California in early September 2020 have, as of this writing, killed seven people, forced thousands to evacuate, burned homes, and scorched millions of acres. Amid this chaos and destruction, emergency responders were forced to take time to counter misinformation galloping across social media platforms — rumors that falsely claimed political extremists were behind a coordinated arson campaign.

For example a headline from the website The Gateway Pundit read, “Antifa Radical Arrested for Arson in Washington State — Was Caught on Highway Live-Streaming on Facebook Before Arrest (Video).”

A 36-year-old Puyallup man was arrested on Sept. 9, 2020, on suspicion of setting a fire in the median on SR 167. But Washington State Patrol Trooper Ryan Burke told Snopes police don’t have evidence that the incident was linked to antifa.

For broader context, misinformation on social media appeared to attempt to link the wildfires to racial justice protests in the spring and summer of 2020 in various cities. In Portland, those protests had become protracted and sometimes violent, with clashes between “antifa,” a catchall term referring to loosely coordinated groups of anti-fascist activists, and right-wing counterprotesters.

2020年9月13日
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在 9/11 袭击之后,特朗普布拉格他有 “曼哈顿最高的建筑” 吗?

唐纳德·特朗普谈到在 9/11 袭击之后有曼哈顿市中心最高的建筑物,但是他是否 “吹嘘” 是在观察者的眼中。

【宣称】

唐纳德·特朗普吹嘘说,他在曼哈顿市中心最高的建筑物 9/11 袭击摧毁了世界贸易中心后。

【结论】

混合物

【原文】

On 11 September 2001, as news outlets in New York, the United States, and around the world struggled to keep up with unfolding reports of that day’s terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, newscasters from local television station WWOR spoke live on the air with Donald Trump about the event by telephone.

Trump described how he had witnessed the attack from an office window that looked directly onto the World Trade Center and answered questions from the newscasters about subjects such as whether he was taking any precautions to protect his own buildings and what the city would need to do to recover from the attacks:

Fifteen years later, as Trump was in the midst of a heated national campaign as the Republican Party’s presidential nominee, a clip of that interview was widely featured online along with derogatory statements asserting that it captured Trump’s “bragging” that the Trump Building (a 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street) had become the “tallest in downtown Manhattan” once the WTC Towers fell:

building

What Donald Trump literally said that day was: “40 Wall street actually was the second-tallest building in downtown Manhattan, and it was actually before the World Trade Center the tallest, and and then when they built the World Trade Center it became known as the second-tallest, and now it’s the tallest And I just spoke to my people, and they said it’s the most unbelievable sight, it’s probably seven or eight blocks away from the World Trade Center, and yet Wall Street is littered with two feet of stone and brick and mortar and steel …”

So it is true that during the course of that interview, in response to a query about whether his own buildings had sustained any damage, Trump stated, in reference to the Trump Building, that “now it’s the tallest” [in downtown Manhattan]. Whether that remark constituted “bragging” is a matter of subjective interpretation, however.

Critics maintain that Trump’s referencing the relative height of 40 Wall Street in the immediate aftermath of the World Trade Center towers’ fall was completely gratuitous and irrelevant to the discussion, the hallmark of an egoist with no compunctions about using tragedy as an opportunity for self-promotion.

But in the context of the full interview, Trump’s remarks could perhaps be considered defensible.

First of all, the newscasters to whom Trump was speaking were appealing to their audience by repeatedly referring to his status in the New York real estate community, describing him as the “man behind lots of real estate in Manhattan” and a “visionary in New York real estate,” and they specifically asked him about the Trump Tower and the Trump Building, which they termed “one of the great tourist attractions in the world” and “one of the landmark buildings down in the financial district,” respectively. It was to be expected that he would respond to those lead-ins with at least a little bit of subtle swagger (which he expressed matter-of-factly rather than hyperbolically).

Second, Trump’s remark was made in response to questions about whether his buildings had sustained any damage and whether he was taking any precautions to protect them. In the chaos of that day, it wasn’t too much of a stretch to think that Trump was pondering whether the (as yet unknown) terrorists, having destroyed the two tallest buildings in lower Manhattan, might be coming after the next-tallest.

But then again, the office building at 70 Pine Street is listed as being 25 feet taller than 40 Wall Street (although it has four fewer floors), so perhaps Trump could be considered to have been “bragging” for claiming an honor that wasn’t actually his.

2020年9月13日
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唐纳德·特朗普在 9 月 11 日之后两天与他支付的工人一起寻找幸存者吗?

特朗普总统 2001 年关于数百名工人在曼哈顿下城的恐怖袭击之后寻找幸存者的评论。

【宣称】

唐纳德·特朗普和数百名工人在 9 月 11 日曼哈顿下城的恐怖袭击事件后帮助寻找幸存者。

【结论】

未经证实

【原文】

On 11 September 2018, our readers asked for verification of a meme circulating on social media that reported Donald Trump had helped with search-and-rescue efforts in the rubble of the Twin Towers after the 9/11 terrorist attacks 17 years prior: “2 days after the September 11th attacks Donald Trump was at ground zero with hundreds of workers that he payed for to help find and identify victims. Share this photo to remind people exactly what kind of American our President is!”

Although the image used in the meme above was taken on 18 September 2001 outside the New York Stock Exchange, the meme reflects comments Trump made two days after the attack, when he told an interviewer for a German television station about his efforts to help:

Well I have a lot of men down here, right now. We have over 100 and we have about 125 coming. So we’ll have a couple of hundred people down here. And they are very brave and what they’re doing is amazing. And we’ll be involved in some form in helping to reconstruct.

It’s not the first time Trump’s accounts of his experiences in New York related to the 11 September terrorist attacks have been called into question.

In the lead-up to the 2016 presidential election, some critics cited a TIME magazine report that placed Trump in Chicago at the time of the attacks — but that was due to an error in the report. For his part, Trump claimed at a campaign rally in 2015 that he watched from his apartment in Trump Tower as people jumped from the burning WTC buildings to their deaths, but multiple news organizations pointed out that would have been an impossibility because Trump Tower is four miles away from Ground Zero:

I have a window in my apartment that specifically was aimed at the World Trade Center, because of the beauty of the whole downtown Manhattan. And I watched as people jumped, and I watched the second plane come in

Trump also famously but falsely claimed repeatedly that he witnessed Muslim Americans in New Jersey celebrating as the WTC buildings came down:

Hey, I watched when the World Trade Center came tumbling down. And I watched in Jersey City, New Jersey, where thousands and thousands of people were cheering as that building was coming down. Thousands of people were cheering.

2020年9月12日
发表者 minici
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Twitter 禁止帐户特朗普放大其种族收费的视频后

特朗普推广 @AlwaysActions 为总统推特饲料的信息(和不实信息)生态系统提供了一个迷人的见解。

【原文】

Twitter has permanently suspended an account that repeatedly shared xenophobic, anti-Muslim, and hyperpartisan disinformation, after U.S. President Donald Trump promoted several of its tweets on Sep. 7, 2020. The company told Snopes the account @AlwaysActions was “violating Twitter’s platform manipulation and spam policy” but declined to provide any further details.

According to Factbase, a repository of Trump’s social media posts and public pronouncements, the president shared a total of 11 posts by @AlwaysActions on Sept. 7 to his 85 million Twitter followers. They provide a fascinating insight into the information (and disinformation) ecosystem that sometimes comprises the president’s Twitter feed.

Race, Policing, and Protests

Most of the posts promoted by the president were racially charged in their content. For example, one of @AlwaysActions’ videos carried the description “The Socialist Mainstream Media: White man attacked by an illegal alien and racist reporter.” The footage showed a white man bleeding from his head, while being interviewed by a Univision reporter. The reporter asks the man, “Are you a racist?” which causes the injured man and a Black associate to bristle. At one point the white man says: “I’m standing here with a Black man!…If I’m standing with him, how could I be a racist?” The footage does not provide any evidence that the man’s injury was caused by an immigrant living in the country illegally.

The account was also a prolific publisher of hyperpartisan and xenophobic disinformation, with a particular focus on anti-Muslim smears. We asked Twitter why it had banned @AlwaysActions on Sep. 7, but not before, and whether the increased exposure given to it by Trump’s retweets had brought the account’s violations to the attention of the company, or resulted in reports or complaints from other users. A Twitter spokesperson declined to answer those questions.

@AlwaysActions was registered in 2010, and in its first few years, it posted inoffensive and politically neutral “breaking news” updates with a particular focus on the New York area and on Israel-related news. (For a period, the account even listed a New York City phone number in its profile bio. Snopes called the number but did not receive any answer). 

In late 2015, the account began to focus more heavily on law enforcement-related matters, posting tributes to fallen officers and offering a greater volume of crime-related news. By the summer and fall of 2016, @AlwaysActions had shifted to posting right-wing content, supportive of then-presidential candidate Trump and critical of his Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton, as well as anti-immigration and anti-Muslim material. A review of the account’s tweets, still visible on a related Facebook page, shows that between 2016 and 2018, @AlwaysActions frequently published and promoted discredited and debunked memes and claims attacking both Hillary and Bill Clinton, as well as the racially divisive material later shared by the president.

Since 2016, the account posted inflammatory and hyperpartisan right-wing content, especially memes and claims that targeted Muslims and Islam, many of them driven by disinformation. 

For example, in November 2017 @AlwaysActions tweeted out an article with the headline “Illegal Muslim From Iran Arrested for Starting California Wildfires,” along with the hashtags “#MuslimBan” and “#MAGA.” That article was entirely false, and originated in the website Freedum Junkshun, which is part of a network of sites and social media profiles operated by Christopher Blair, who labels his content as satire, even though it has in the past inspired death threats against its subjects.

Between April and August 2018, @AlwaysActions published the same video clip on six different occasions, each time claiming that it showed “Muslim refugees in France,” and was proof of “Why we don’t want them in the United States.” Those tweets were accompanied by the pro-Trump slogans “KAG [Keep America Great)” and “America First.” 

However, the footage posted by @AlwaysActions had nothing to do with Muslims, refugees, or Muslim refugees. In fact, it showed French taxi drivers protesting in Paris against the arrival of ride-sharing services including Uber. The graphic below shows the @AlwaysActions’ tweet, alongside a screenshot of a Jan. 26, 2016, video posted to Facebook by the UK’s Channel 4 News. The images are identical:

The other @AlwaysActions posts promoted by Trump were: A clip from Fox News host Laura Ingraham’s 2016 Republican National Convention speech; a video of Jewish people dancing at a wedding while wearing pro-Trump T-shirts; a clip of a police officer in Michigan saving a choking baby; and a video meme with the caption “Share if you will always stand for the national anthem!” that appears to have originally been posted in 2017 by the Facebook page USADailyNews03

2020年9月12日
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对不戴面具的人大喊大叫不起作用

人们可以更好地说服他人戴面具,如果他们分享恐惧、损失和不确定性,激发他人的关注,而不是利用他们的愤怒来羞辱他人。

【原文】

This article is republished here with permission from The Conversation. This content is shared here because the topic may interest Snopes readers; it does not, however, represent the work of Snopes fact-checkers or editors.


There is strong scientific evidence that wearing a mask reduces the risk of transmitting the coronavirus. Both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization recommend wearing them.

Indeed, many people believe it is important to take precautions to reduce the risks we pose to others and wear masks. They conclude that wearing a mask is the right thing to do.

It is possible that people who have lost jobs might see masks as a threat that would further delay the reopening of the economy.

Everyone should also remember that in our daily lives, each of us undertakes activities that pose at least a little risk to others. Day-to-day activities such as grocery shopping or even having conversations with friends or neigbors carry a small risk of virus transmission.

Focusing on facts – rules that states, cities or private employers put in place to protect people – rather than blaming others might be a more effective way to convince them.

People on both sides of the mask debate have found reasons to turn this into a most contentious issue. Perhaps listening carefully and with empathy might help everyone understand that we all really are in this together.The Conversation


Nicole Hassoun, Professor of Philosophy, Binghamton University, State University of New York

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

2020年9月12日
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凯尔·里滕豪斯据称受害者的真假

17 岁的球迷,在双重杀戮被指控,发起了一个网上活动,以抹杀他的受害者的声誉。

【原文】

In attempt to justify the actions of Kyle Rittenhouse — the 17-year-old accused of shooting three people, killing two, with a military-style assault rifle during a protest on Aug. 25, 2020, in Kenosha, Wisconsin — Americans on the political right launched a grassroots effort to uncover any evidence to deny the shooting victims martyrdom among opponents.

The makeshift investigations revealed what hardline conservatives believed to be proof of criminal wrongdoing by the deceased — Anthony Huber, 26, and Joseph Rosenbaum, 36 —as well as by Gaige Grosskreutz, 26, who shot was shot in the arm and survived. One blog post alleged:

Anthony Huber was jailed for domestic violence. Joseph Rosenbaum was a pedophile. Gaige Grosskreutz was arrested and charged with burglary among other crimes […] are you really saying the backgrounds of these ‘peaceful protestors’ aren’t relevant to the discussion?

Ultimately, the focus on the victims’ backgrounds aimed to prove Rittenhouse’s actions defensible, and discredit an underlying belief by the political left: that the victims acted heroically, and were wrongfully targeted by the armed teenager at the protest. 

And though the rumors about the shooting victims varied in severity and nature, many alleged this: Huber was a known offender of domestic violence and rapist; Rosenbaum had sexually abused children; Grosskreutz had been arrested on suspicion of multiple crimes, including felony burglary, and all three victims were convicted felons. Based on court records and inmate rosters, aspects of those claims were indeed accurate, while others were outright false.

The phenomenon is particularly prevalent when authorities kill non-white people; for example, conservative corners of the internet focused on Floyd’s alleged criminal background after his death, which sparked a civil rights movement, and the rapsheet of another Black man, Rayshard Brooks, after a white Atlanta police officer fatally shot him in a Wendy’s parking lot in June 2020.

Psychologists have said the strategy — whether intentional or not — of shifting focus away from questionable violence and onto the past unlawful behavior of victims makes it easy for people to subscribe to the “they had it coming” trope and justify deaths or injuries.

In response to that campaign, The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel released a statement on Sept. 1 in which it explained why the newspaper had not reported on the victims’ past legal records. The statement read:

There is no evidence so far that the backgrounds of the three victims — Anthony Huber, Joseph Rosenbaum and Gaige Grosskreutz — had anything to do with the clashes that led to the deaths of Huber and Rosenbaum and the wounding of Grosskreutz.

They are the victims of a shooting, and as far as we can tell their past legal records have no bearing on them being shot during a protest.

If more facts emerge that show their backgrounds are relevant to what happened that night in Kenosha, we would revisit our decision. For instance, if there is evidence that any of the victims’ backgrounds could have affected their interactions with Rittenhouse, or if he knew anything about them before the shooting.

2020年9月12日
发表者 minici
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照片真的显示俄勒冈州的红天吗?

太平洋西北地区的野火在 2020 年造成了一些超现实的场景。

【宣称】

照片和视频显示了 2020 年夏末俄勒冈州上空的血红天空。

【结论】

真的

【原文】

In September 2020, a series of wildfires raged across the Pacific Northwest, burning thousands of acres of land and forcing hundreds to evacuate their homes.

Oregon Live reported:

Gov. Kate Brown on Tuesday declared a wildfire emergency in Oregon, where fire in the Santiam Canyon east of Salem forced evacuations and wildfires elsewhere burned through at least two towns and sent thick smoke across the western part of the state.

Brown — along with health, fire, forestry and emergency officials — addressed the magnitude of the situation during a midafternoon news conference.

“This is proving to be an unprecedented and significant fire event for our state,” Brown said.

As the fires burned, several photographs supposedly showing a blood-red sky over Oregon were posted to social media. One picture posted to Reddit, for example, was accompanied by the caption: “Oregon wildfires making it look straight apocalyptic.”

Oregon wildfires making it look straight apocalyptic from pics

In addition to social media posts from anonymous users, a number of authoritative sources have also shared similar images of Oregon’s red skies. 

Cassandra Profita, an environmental reporter for Oregon Public Broadcasting, Bonnie Skillman, a reporter for Portland, Oregon, news channel KPTV, the Oregon Department of Transportation, Clypian, a student newspaper from South Salem High School, and the Oregon State Police Department all shared similar images of the surreal skies in Oregon:

In August 2020, as Colorado dealt with forest fires, Oklahoma-based meteorologist Daphne Thompson explained to Colorado Public Radio why fires, like sunsets, accentuates the color red.

Think about that old mnemonic device for the colors of the rainbow, ROYGBIV — red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. The red and orange waves are on longer wavelengths, while the blues and violets are on shorter ones, Thompson said.

Sunsets already feature those longer wavelengths, which is why those reds and oranges reach your eye. Wildfire smoke only accentuates that effect.

“The thing with wildfires is that the smoke puts a lot of extra particles up in the atmosphere. So now we’re getting the red scattering over even more of those particles, and you can get some amazing red sunsets during wildfires,” Thompson said.

NASA provided a similar explanation in 2015:

The smoke particles from the fires allow sunlight’s longer wavelength colors like red and orange to get through while blocking the shorter wavelengths of yellow, blue and green. Those longer wavelengths give the sky a red or orange tinted appearance. Similarly, during sunrise and sunset times when the sun is near the horizon, sunlight has to travel through more of Earth’s atmosphere to get to you. The additional atmosphere filters out the shorter wavelengths and allows the longer wavelengths to get through, providing reds and oranges during those times.

2020年9月11日
发表者 minici
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军队兽医现场自杀视频呼吁社交媒体改革

罗尼·麦克纳特死亡的图形视频在 Facebook 上播放,并在各个平台上进行病毒化。

【原文】

If you need help, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-8255. Or contact Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741.

In early September 2020, Snopes readers asked for verification of a troubling story circulating widely online. Is it true, they asked, that Ronnie McNutt, a U.S. Army veteran, committed suicide on Facebook Live, the social media platform’s livestream service?

Sadly, it is true.

We confirmed with local police and McNutt’s friend Josh Steen that McNutt, 33, did indeed take his own life on Aug. 31, 2020, about 10:30 p.m., while streaming live on Facebook from his home in New Albany, Mississippi. We also confirmed with the U.S. Army that McNutt was a veteran who served in the Iraq War from June 2007 to March 2008.

But McNutt’s death and the way the incident was handled by Facebook has garnered fierce criticism from Steen, who has launched #ReformforRonnie. The campaign is designed to hold social media companies accountable for spreading misinformation, hate, and violence, and demands that social media platforms accept responsibility for content posted to their platforms, and efficiently and evenly enforce their terms of service.

“He really desperately needed help,” Steen said. “He was not the same person when he came back from Iraq.”

On the night McNutt died, Steen told us he first got wind that something was very wrong when he received a Facebook message from one of his podcast listeners, notifying him that McNutt was rambling on Facebook Live and had picked up a firearm, which misfired. Steen said he logged on to McNutt’s livestream about 10 p.m., just minutes after the misfire, which is when Steen started reporting the video to Facebook.

At that point, Steen said, the bespectacled McNutt had already been streaming for about 40 minutes, sitting alone at a desk in a black shirt.

A morass of bad circumstances all came together at once, Steen said. McNutt was very drunk, and in the video, he could be heard verbally sparring with people trying to intervene online.

“He’s drunk, and the gun is already there, and all these people had already gotten him riled up on Facebook,” Steen said. “He hears the police outside. It’s nothing but pressure.”

Steen said according to his time logs from that night, McNutt shot himself at 10:33 p.m.

New Albany Police Chief Chris Robertson told us in a phone interview that police responded to an emergency call of a man with a gun, threatening to commit suicide and streaming live on Facebook.

Robertson, who personally responded to the scene, said that police were trying to establish contact with McNutt over a loudspeaker and that one of McNutt’s friends was outside with them, trying to relay messages to McNutt. Robertson said police could see the livestream, but it had a 10-second delay.

In response to criticism alleging police didn’t do enough to stop McNutt from harming himself, Robertson said the situation didn’t leave them with any good options that could have helped McNutt. His firearm could have pierced their body armor, Robertson said, and all possible scenarios would have ended with a violent, potentially deadly confrontation.

Expressing sympathy for McNutt and everyone involved, Robertson said, “For someone to say we didn’t do all we could do doesn’t know all the facts.”

Meanwhile, Steen hopes #ReformForRonnie will bring about more accountability regarding how social media platforms operate.

“It’s their job to employ experts who can stop this, thats what all those ad dollars and our data is paying for,” Steen said. “These companies don’t give a damn about you … It’s time that balance shifted.”

2020年9月11日
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27 名共和党人是否采取了 “前所未有的” 支持拜登的步骤?

2020 年民主党总统候选人得到了一些知名人士的支持。

【宣称】

2020 年 8 月,27 名前共和党议员批准乔·拜登担任美国总统。

【结论】

真的

【原文】

In August and September 2020, readers asked Snopes to examine the accuracy of a widely shared Facebook post that claimed no fewer than 27 Republican lawmakers had endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden. The Aug. 24, 2020, post described the mass endorsement for the former vice president as “unprecedented” and listed the names of the endorsers as follows:

The image in the Facebook post was a screenshot of a news release sent out by the campaign for Biden and vice presidential running mate Kamala Harris on Aug. 24, 2020. It’s true that each of the referenced 27 Republicans did endorse Biden for president, although some of them had done so well before Aug. 24, and the meme had the potential to mislead readers by not stipulating that the listed persons were no longer members of the U.S. Congress. (By contrast, the campaign press release stated clearly that the endorsers were former Republican members of Congress.)

• U.S. Sen. Jeff Flake of Arizona
Decided not to run for re-election in 2018, and left the U.S. Senate in January 2019 after serving since 2013. Endorsed Biden in an Aug. 24 blog post.

• U.S. Sen. Gordon Humphrey of New Hampshire
U.S. senator from 1979 to 1990. Left the Republican party after it nominated Trump as presidential candidate in 2016. Joined dozens of New Hampshire Independents in endorsing Biden on Jan. 6, 2020.

• U.S. Rep. Dick Zimmer of New Jersey
Served from 1991 to 1997. Endorsed Biden on Aug. 24. 

The list of names of 27 former Republican members of the U.S. Congress was accurate and authentic. The group comprised just one of several waves of endorsements of Biden by hundreds of prominent Republicans, whose number and significance constituted what could reasonably be described as an unprecedented level of support among former lawmakers and officials for the presidential candidate of an opposing party.

According to CNN, a small number of national security officials broke party lines to support Ronald Reagan over Jimmy Carter in 1980, and historically rifts within major parties have, from time to time, grown so bitter that they resulted in full-on splits, third parties, and contested conventions, as the Pew Research Center noted in 2016.

Republican dissatisfaction with Trump hasn’t yet grown to that level in 2020, but the volume of cross-party endorsement of Biden has undoubtedly been remarkable, as the following breakdown shows:

  • Christine Todd Whitman, former Republican governor of New Jersey, has launched what she described as a coalition of “current and former Republican elected officials, members of previous Republican administrations, and party leaders” intent on campaigning for Biden. The 79-strong group also includes the former Massachusetts and Michigan governors Bill Weld and Rick Snyder, and three currently-serving Republican office-holders. (The list includes 16 of the former members of Congress named in the August 2020 meme).
  • Some 232 former officials from the two administrations of former U.S. President George W. Bush have endorsed Biden
  • 42 staffers from U.S. Sen. Mitt Romney’s unsuccessful 2008 and 2012 campaigns have publicly endorsed Biden
  • 76 Republican former national security officials and U.S. ambassadors, including former U.S. Senator and Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel, have co-signed a detailed letter that states “We have concluded that Donald Trump has failed our country and that Vice President Joe Biden should be elected the next President of the United States.” (That list includes four names already mentioned in the August 2020 Facebook meme).
  • Former Ohio Governor John Kasich, a candidate in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, gave a high-profile endorsement of Biden during the Democratic National Convention in August 2020.

In the 1972 presidential election, John Connally, Democratic former Texas governor and U.S. Treasury secretary, led a campaign committee called “Democrats for Nixon,” in which prominent Democratic office-holders appealed to voters to reject the populist, anti-war platform of the party’s candidate, U.S. Sen. George McGovern of South Dakota, in favor of re-electing Nixon.

Among the Democrats who endorsed Nixon were: Connally himself; former Florida Governor Farris Bryant; Nashville Mayor Beverly Briley; Former Boston Mayor John Collins; Frank Fitzsimmons, president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters; Miami Mayor David Kennedy; and Leonard Marks, former director of the United States Information Agency (a now-defunct federal agency for U.S. public relations overseas). Nixon also obtained public support from John and James Roosevelt, the sons of former U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1972.

Nixon’s cross-party endorsements included the names of high-profile sitting Democratic office-holders (including the mayors of Nashville and Miami), while Biden’s Republican supporters were largely retired, and none of the 27 names listed in the widely-shared Facebook meme were still in office. Nonetheless, we could not find a previous instance in which dozens of former members of Congress endorsed a presidential candidate from the other major party, outside a scenario in which a party was undergoing a schism.

The sheer volume of Republican support for the former vice president, along with the prominence and influence of some of those endorsing him (especially Kasich, Snyder, Warner and Dent, each of whom governed or represented potential battleground states in 2020), means a reasonable argument can be made that the overall level of Republican endorsement of Biden, if not the 27 names listed in the meme, has been unprecedented in the modern era of U.S. presidential elections.

2020年9月11日
发表者 minici
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特朗普是否叫美国参议员达克沃斯 “中尉没有腿”?

可信的报告称,特朗普称堕落的士兵 “失败者” 和 “吸盘者” 之后是令人难以置信的报告,他称参议员和老将 “诺列格中尉”。

【宣称】

2018 年,美国总统唐纳德·特朗普在社交媒体上称美国参议员塔米·达克沃思为 “无腿中尉”。

【结论】


【原文】

In September 2020, following reports that U.S. President Donald Trump had called fallen soldiers “losers” and “suckers,” an image started to circulate on social media supposedly showing an old tweet in which Trump referred to Democratic U.S. Sen. Tammy Duckworth of Illinois — a combat veteran who lost both her legs after her helicopter was shot down in Iraq by a rocket-propelled grenade — as “Lieutenant Nolegs,” a misspelling of “no legs”:

This is not a genuine tweet from Trump. 

For starters, we could find no record of this tweet on Trump’s timeline. Some social media users claimed that Trump deleted this message, but that doesn’t appear to be the case. There are several organizations that archive Trump’s deleted tweets, such as ProPublica, FactBa.se, and the Trump Twitter Archive, but none had any record of the “Nolegs” tweet. 

Furthermore, the president of the United States calling a sitting senator “Lieutenant No Legs” would have undoubtedly made some sort of splash in the press. However, we were unable to find any news articles mentioning this insult.

Although we did not find evidence of Trump calling Duckworth “Lieutenant No Legs” in a tweet, Duckworth has referred to the commander-in-chief as “Cadet Bone Spurs,” alluding to the medical deferments Trump reportedly received that exempted him from military duty during the Vietnam War. In February 2018, after Trump seemed to imply that it was treasonous for Democrats to not applaud during his State of the Union address, Duckworth took to Twitter, stating that she would not “mindlessly cater to the whims of Cadet Bone Spurs and clap when he demands I clap”:

2020年9月10日
发表者 minici
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为何戴口罩变得如此政治化?

不戴口罩已成为一种政治行为,尽管口罩会减缓 COVID-19 冠状病毒的传播。

【原文】

This article is republished here with permission from The Conversation. This content is shared here because the topic may interest Snopes readers; it does not, however, represent the work of Snopes fact-checkers or editors.


The United States has lagged behind much of the world in its efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Not wearing a mask has become a political act even though masks slow the spread of the virus. As someone who just finished a dissertation on political bias, I was not surprised.

In summary, once misinformation becomes political, it is very hard to correct because of our motivation to protect our identity and the reinforcement from our political echo chambers.

What next?

To slow the spread of the coronavirus, Republican and Democratic politicians could take COVID-19 equally seriously and listen to the experts. Reducing the political nature of the pandemic will increase people’s receptiveness to information from scientists.

On an individual level, people can also make an effort to reach out to those who are against mask wearing and don’t take the virus seriously. As my research shows, depolarization can occur when there is exposure to opposing viewpoints in one’s personal network. Furthermore, I found in my dissertation that Republicans were more likely to agree that climate change is influenced by human activity when they had more positive feelings toward Democrats. This is consistent with other work that shows how connecting with people we disagree with on an emotional level is key for depolarization and persuasion. Relating this to the pandemic, we can say that when members of our community engage in mask wearing, it becomes more solidified as a social norm among our group, which ultimately leads to more people adopting the behavior.

Finally, increasing mask wearing is just one hurdle. There may be a vaccine for COVID-19 in the months ahead, but the majority of people will have to take it for herd immunity to be achieved. Unfortunately, some polls suggest that about 50% of people may not take the vaccine once it becomes available. Hopefully, the pandemic is less politically charged by then and we can defeat this virus together.The Conversation


Matthew Facciani, Postdoctoral Researcher, Vanderbilt University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

2020年9月10日
发表者 minici
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在芝加哥机场检获 20,000 张假身份证是否属于选民欺诈计划的一部分?

海关官员自 2020 年初以来抢走的假驾驶执照成为与投票有关的谣言的对象。

【宣称】

自 2020 年初以来,从中国和香港走私并在芝加哥奥黑尔机场查获的数以千计的假驾驶执照与选民欺诈行为有关,并可能在 2020 年 11 月美国大选中产生数以百万计的非法投票。

【结论】

未经证实

【原文】

As the coronavirus pandemic struck the U.S. in spring 2020, states planned to expand voting by mail ahead of the November presidential election as a safer alternative to in-person polling places. Right-wing media and groups have continued to highlight alleged instances of voter fraud in numerous forms over the last few years, and regardless of the veracity behind their claims, this time was no different. U.S. President Donald Trump heavily criticized the use of mail-in ballots, arguing it would result in voter fraud

A similar claim emerged from a report that more than 19,000 fraudulent driver’s licenses had been seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) at Chicago O’Hare International Airport from early 2020 until June 30. Conservative websites latched onto this story and shared the same post, arguing that the fraudulent licenses would be used to enable record numbers of illegally cast votes through mail-in ballots. One article on the conservative website of David Harris Jr., said:

Fake ID’s have been around for decades, made by local criminals, but the timing for these IDs coming out of China at the same time Democrats are demanding no ID required universal mail-in voting, should send up red flags everywhere.

If the progressives are successful, the mail-in ballot system might produce millions of illegally cast votes for Democratic candidates on November 3rd, 2020!

Snopes readers asked us to investigate claims that these fake driver’s licenses could result in millions of illegally cast votes for Democrats in the November election. But the answer was not as obvious, nor as definitive, as these articles claimed.

Were Thousands of Fake Licenses Actually Seized?

The airport’s CBP confirmed that it seized a total of 19,888 counterfeit U.S. driver’s licenses from the beginning of 2020 to June 30 in a Chicago airport. The majority of these shipments arrived from China and Hong Kong. The licenses were for various people in different states, and largely for college-aged students.

Can Fake Driver’s Licenses Be Used in Mail-In Ballots?

The above claim posited that these fake licenses would result in millions of votes for Democrats through mail-in ballots, an argument that is both far-fetched and difficult to prove in advance of the election. Voting by mail and absentee ballots have stringent verification procedures that are similar to those used in the registration process.

A NASS spokesperson told us that for mail voting, signature matches, driver’s license numbers, and other identifiers must match with voter-registration records already on file. Security mechanisms also help prevent double-voting. For example, ballot envelopes are barcoded for individual voters, with election officials only accepting one ballot per voter.

Snopes has previously covered how unlikely it is for fraud to occur through mail-in voting. 

Have Fake Licenses Actually Been Used By Voters?

We looked for past examples of fraudulent driver’s licenses actually being used in the voting process and found a 2008 case from Colorado. We were not able to find examples of election officials being fooled by such licenses, however.

During the 2008 presidential election, a small group of people provided fake license numbers, and officials found voter-registration forms signed by “Rip Van Winkle” and other dubious applicants:

In summary, we were unable to determine if fake documents were intended to be used in a voter-fraud operation in the U.S., as some people claimed online. But given the security measures in place, and the lack of cases of such fraud occurring, it is highly unlikely that fake IDs could be used to plant false votes. That said, given how little we know definitively ahead of the election, we rate this claim as “Unproven.”